(Planned economy is one in which the state owns (partly or wholly) and directs the economy. )While such a role is assumed by the State in almost every economy, in planned economies, it is pronounced: (for example in communist and socialist countries- former USSR and China till the 1970's.) In such a case a planned economy is referred to as command economy or centrally planned economy or command and control economy. (In command economies, state does the following

• Control all major sectors of the economy
• Legislate on their use and about the distribution of income
• State decides on what should be produced and how much; sold at what price
• Private property is not allowed)

(In a market economy, it is the opposite- state has a minimal role in the management of the economy- production, consumption and distribution decisions are predominantly left to the market.) State plays certain role in redistribution. State is called the laissez faire state here. (It is a French phrase literally meaning "Let do.")

(Indicative plan (see ahead) is one where there is a mixed economy with State and market playing significant roles to achieve targets for growth that they together set.) (It is operated under a planned economy but not command economy.)

The difference between planned economy and (command economy is that in the former there may be mixed economy and while in the latter Government owns and regulates economy to near monopolistic limit.)

(Command economies) were set up in China and USSR, mainly for rapid economic growth and social and economic justice but have been dismantled in the last two decades as (they do not create wealth sustainably and are not conducive for innovation and efficiency.) (Cuba and North Korea are still command economies.)

History of Economic Planning in India: The beginnings

India being devastated economically after more than 2 centuries of colonial exploitation resulting in chronic poverty, eradication of poverty was the driving force for the formulation of various models of growth before Independence.

(In 1944 leading businessmen and industrialists (including Sir Purshotamdas Thakurdas, JRD Tata, GD Birla and others) put forward "A Plan of Economic Development for India" -popularly known as the 'Bombay Plan".) It sawIndia's future progress based on further expansion of the textile and consumer industries already flourishing in cities like Bombay and Ahmedabad. It saw an important role the State in post-Independent India: to provide infrastructure, invest in basic industries like steel, and protect Indian industry from foreign competition.

(Visionary engineer Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya. pointed to the success of Japan and insisted that 'industries and trade do not grow of themselves, but have to be willed, planned and systematically developed') - (in his book titled "Planned Economy for India"(1934)) Expert economists and businessmen were to do the planning. The goalwas poverty eradication through growth.

(The Indian National Congress established a National Planning Committee under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru.) It (1938) stated the objective of planning for development ("was to ensure an adequate standard of living for the masses, in other words, to get rid of the appalling poverty of the people"). It advocated heavy industries that were essential both to build other industries, and for Indian self- efence; heavy industries had to be in public ownership, for both redistributive and security purposes; redistribution of land away fromthe big landlords would eliminate rural poverty.

(During the 1940's, the Indian Federation of Labour published its People's Plan by MN Roy) that stressed  on employment and wage goods). (S.N. Agarwala, follower of Mahatma Gandhi published Gandhian Plan that emphasized on decentralization; agricultural development; employment; cottage industries etc.)

Planning Goals

After Independence in 1947, India launched the year plan for rapid growth. (Planning has the following long term goals).

• Growth
• Modernization
• Self-reliance and
• Social justice

(Economic growth) is the value of the goods and services produced by urban economy. It (is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP- real means adjusted to inflation.) (Growth measures quantitative increase in goods and services.)

Economic development refers to growth that includes redistributive aspects and social justice. GDP shows growth and welfare and human development aspects like education, access to basic amenities, environmental quality, freedom, or social justice. (Economic growth is necessary for development but not sufficient).

Growth is expected to [spread to all sections and regions; raise resources for the Government to spend on socio-economic priorities etc. (It takes a long time for growth to trickle down to all people and regions. Therefore, State plans for an expeditious process of inclusive growth.)

(Modernization is improvement in technology. It is driven by innovation and investment in R and D.) Education is the foundation of modernization. (The more modernized the economy, the greater the value created by it).

(Self-reliance means relying on the resources of the country and not depending on other countries and the MNCs for investment and growth.) India embarked on the goal partly due to the colonial experience and partly due to the goal of orienting growth to development and poverty eradication. (Nehru-Mahalanobis model of growth that closed Indian economy and relied on basic industries is the main plank for self-reliance.)

The term (self-reliance)  should not be confused with self-sufficiency - the former means depending on resources of the country) and avoid dependence on external flows); the latter means that the country has all the resources it needs. No country can be self-sufficient. Social justice means inclusive and equitable growth where inequalities are not steep and benefits of growth reach allrural- urban ,man-woman; caste divide and interregional divides are reduced.

While the above four are the long term goals of the planning process, each five year plan has specific objectives and priorities.

History of Planning

First Plan (1951-56)

The First Plan stressed more on agriculture, in view of large scale import of foodgrains and inflationary pressures on the economy. Other areas of emphasis were power and transport. The annual average growth rate during the First Plan was estimated as 3.61% as against a target of 2.1%. Renowned economist KN Raj, who died in 2010was one of the main architects of India's first five-year plan.

Second Plan (1956-61)

With agricultural targets of previous plan achieved, major stress was on the establishment of heavy industries. Rate of investment was targeted to increase from 7% to 11%. The Plan achieved amore than targeted growth rate of 4.32%. This Plan envisaged to give a big push to the economy so that it enters the take off stage. It was based on Nehru-Mahalanobismodel- self-reliance and basicindustry driven growth.

Third Plan (1961-66)

It tried to balance industry and agriculture. The aimof Third Plan was to establish a self sustaining economy. For the first time, India resorted to borrowing from IMF. Rupee was also devalued for the first time in 1996. India's conflict with Pakistan and repeated droughts also contributed in the failure of this Plan.

Annual Plan

As the Third Plan difficulties on the external front (war with China in 1962 and Pakistan in 1965); and the economic troubles mounted on the domestic front- inflation, floods, forex crisis- the Fourth Plan could not be started from 1966. There were three annual plans till 1969. This period is called plan holiday- that is when five year plans are not implemented. The Annual Plans were: 1966-67, 1967-68 and 1968-69.

Forth Plan (1969-74)

The main objective of this Plan was growth with stability. The Plan laid special emphasis on improving the condition of the under-privileged and weaker sections through provision of education and employment. Reducing the fluctuations in agricultural production was also a point of emphasis of this Plan. The Plan aimed at a target growth of 5.7% and the achievement against this was 3.21 %.

Fifth Plan (1974-79)

The main objective of the Plan was Growth for Social Justice. The targeted growth rate was 4.4% and we achieved 4.8%. It was cut short by the Janata Party that came to power in 1977.

Sixth Plan (1980-1985)

Removal of poverty was the foremost objective of Sixth Plan. Another area of emphasis was infrastructure, which was to be strengthened for development of both industry and agriculture. The achieved growth rate of 5.7% was more than the targeted one. Direct attack on poverty was the main stress of the Plan.

Seventh Plan (1985-90)

This Plan stressed on rapid growth in food-grains production and increase in employment opportunities. The growth rate of 5.81% achieved in this Plan was more than targeted one. The plan was more than the targeted. The plan saw the beginnings of liberalization of Indian economy. The 8th Plan could not start in 1990 due to economic crisis and political instability. There were two annual plans- plan holiday.

Eighth Plan (1992-1997)

This Plan was formulated keeping in view the process of economic reforms and restructuring of the economy. The main emphasis of this Plan were

• to stabilize the adverse balance of payment scenario sustainably.
• improvement in trade and current account deficit.
• human development asmain focus of planning.

It was indicative plan for the first time. The Plan was formulated in a way so as to manage the transition from a centrally planned economy to market led economy. The targeted annual average rate of growth of the economy during Eighth Plan was 5.6%. Against this, we achieved an average annual growth of 6.5%.

The Plan was based on Rao-Manmohan Singh model of liberalization.

Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002)

The salient features of the Ninth Five Year Plan are a target annual average growth rate of 6.5 per cent for the economy as a whole, and a growth rate of 3.9 per cent for agriculture sector, among others. The key strategies envisaged to realise this target rest on attaining a high investment rate of 28.2 per cent of GDP at market prices. The domestic saving rate, which determines the sustainable level of investment, is targeted at 26.1 per cent of the GDP. Care has been taken to ensure achievement of a sustainable growth path in terms of external indebtedness as well as fiscal stability, Rate of growth achieved was 5.4%

Tenth Plan (See ahead)

Growth Performance in the Five Year Plans (per cent per annum)

	Target	Actual
1. First Plan (1951-56)	2.1	3.61
2. Second Plan (1956-61)	4.5	4.32
3. Third Plan (1961-66)	5.6	3.21
4. Fourth Plan (1969-74)	5.7	4.80
5. Fifth Plan (1974-79)	4.4	5.69
6. Sixth Plan (1980-85)	5.2	5.81
7. Seventh Plan (1985-90)	5.0	6.7
8. Eighth Plan (1992-97)	5.6	5.35
9. Ninth Plan (1997-2002)	6.5	7.8%
10. Tenth Plan(2002-2007)	8%
11. Eleventh Plan( 2007-12)	8.1 (revised 2010)

The economy is expected to expand by 9% per cent in 2010-11- having achieved 8.9% real growth in the first half of 2010-2011. It may rise to 10 per cent in the terminal year of the 11th Plan. Government set an average annual growth target of 9 per cent for the 11th Plan - beginning with 8.5 per cent in the first year and closing with 10 per cent In 2011-12. The MTA document said the economy exceeded expectations in 2007-08, with a growth rate of 9 per cent, but the momentum was interrupted in 2008-09 because of the global financial crisis. Following the globalmeltdown, the growth rate slipped to 6.7 per cent in 2008-09 from over 9 per cent in the preceding three years. In the year 2009-10. the growth rate was 7.6%.

Planning Commission

(The Planning Commission was constituted in March, 1950 by a Resolution of the Government of India, and works under the overall guidance of the National Development Council). (The Planning Commission consults the Central Ministries and the State Governments while formulating Five Year Plans and Annual Plans and also oversees their implementation). (The Commission also functions as an advisory body at the apex level).

The 1950 resolution setting up the Planning Commission outlined its functions as to:

• Make an assessment of the material, capital and human resources of the country, including technical personnel, and investigate the possibilities of augmenting such of these resources as are found to be deficient in relation to the nation's requirement;

• Formulate a Plan for the most effective and balanced utilisation of country's resources;

• On a determination of priorities, define the stages in which the Plan should be carried out and propose the allocation of resources for the due completion of each stage;

• Indicate the factors which are tending to retard economic development, and determine the conditions which, in view of the current social and political situation, should be established for the successful execution of the Plan;

• Determine the nature of the machinery which will be necessary for securing the successful implementation of each stage of the Plan in all its aspects;

• Appraise from time to time the progress achieved in the execution of each stage of the Plan and recommend the adjustments of policy and measures that such appraisal may show to be necessary; and

• Make such interim or ancillary recommendations as appear to it to be appropriate either for facilitating the discharge of the duties assigned to it, or on a consideration of prevailing economic conditions, current policies, measures and development programmes or on an examination of such specific problems as may be referred to it for advice by Central or State Governments.

(The Prime Minister is the ex officio Chairman of the Planning Commission). (Deputy Chairperson enjoys the rank of a cabinet minister). (A member of the Planning Commission enjoys the rank of a Minister of State in the Union Government). Cabinet Ministers with certain important portfolios act as part-time members.

(The Deputy Chairman and the full time Members of the Planning Commission function as a composite body in the matter of detailed plan formulation. (They provide advice and guidance to the subject Divisions of the Commission in the various exercises undertaken for the formulation of Approach to the Five Year Plans, and Annual Plans). Their expert guidance is also available to the subject Divisions formonitoring and evaluating the Plan programmes, projects and schemes.

The Planning Commission functions through several technical/subject Divisions. Each Division is headed by a Senior Officer designated as Pr. Adviser/Adviser/Addl. Adviser/Jt. Secretary/Jt. Adviser.

The various Divisions in the Commission fall under two broad categories:

• General Divisions which are concerned with aspects of the entire economy; and
• Subject Divisions which are concerned with specified fields of development.

The General Divisions functioning in the Planning Commission are:

• Development Policy Division,
• Financial Resources Division, .
• International Economics Division,
• Labour, Employment andManpower Division;
• Perspective Planning Division,
• Plan Coordination Division,
• Project Appraisal and Management Division,
• Socio-Economic Research Unit,
• State Plan Division, including Multi Level Planning, Border Area Development Programme, Hill Area Development and North Eastern Region (NER), and Statistics and Surveys Division,
• Monitoring Cell.

The Subject Divisions are:

• Agriculture Division,
• Backward Classes Division,
• Communication & Information Division,
• Education Division,
• Environment and Forests Division,
• Health & Family Welfare Division,
• Housing, Urban Development & Water Supply Division,
• Industry & Minerals Division,
• Irrigation & Command Area Development Division,
• Power & Energy Division (including Rural Energy, Non-Conventional Energy Sources and Energy Policy Cell)
• Rural Development Division,
• Science & Technology Division,
• Social Welfare & Nutrition Division,
• Transport Division,
• Village & Small Industries Division, and
• Western Ghats Secretariat.

The Programme Evaluation Organisation undertakes evaluation studies to assess the impact of selected Plan Programmes / Schemes in order to provide useful feedback to planners and implementing agencies.

The Commission is a corner-stone of our federal structure, a think-tank ; helps to balance the priorities and expenditures of the Ministries of the Union Government ; throws up ideas on policies for structural and perspective changes ; and is a reservoir of research."

Relevance of Planning

There has been a national debate about the relevance of planning in the era of liberalization where the state controls and regulations are dismantled to a great extent andmarket forces are given larger role. (The investment of the government for the five year plans is also on decline). (The trend began in the 7th plan and strengthens into the Eleventh Plan).

It is true that the quantitative aspects of planning in terms of control over economy are being selectively phased out and the nature of planning process is undergoing a qualitative change. Planning is important for the following reasons in the era of liberalization

• (In a federal democracy like ours, the principal task of planning is to evolve a shared vision among not only the federal units but also among other economic agents so that the efforts of all the actors become convergent towards the national priorities, the role of planning is to develop a common policy stance for center and states. Also, (the task of federal policy coordination is central to Indian Planning). For example, the need to invite foreign investment in infrastructure areas like power need center - state coordination as the necessary legislation and administrative changes involve both.

• While the growth process can be made the responsibility of the corporate sector to a greater degree, its direction and distribution are to be steered by planned public intervention so that regional imbalances are reduced and socio economic inequities are set right. For example, `directing the growth of the large industry into the backward areas and technology intensive areas to realize national goals.

• The nature of instruments available to planners in the implementation has changed. Quantitative controls have yielded place to qualitative ones .The planning process has to focus on the need for planning for policy.

• Planning at the grass roots level that is participatory is very crucial for improving the delivery systems and proper use of the resources. The role of the government is thus to facilitate participatory planning.

• Environmental priorities are a major concern of planning is necessary for the sectors like energy, communication, transport and so on as private sector needs to be guided into the national plan.

• In the era of globalization where corporates are not expected to plan beyond the growth of a particular unit, the (role of safeguarding national interest is that of planning by the State). For example, being subjected to various discriminative trade practices by EU, USA and so on, (the Indian farmers,manufacturers and exporters have to fight sophisticated battles in the WTO for which the legal services and information and building up bargaining power are best provided by the State).

Thus, planning continues to be relevant and ever more so for the following reasons

• Federal cooperation and coordination
• Equitable growth
• Environment friendly development
• Defending national interest in the age of globalization
• Inter-sectoral balance in growth

Changing Role of Planning Commission

(From a highly centralized planning system, the Indian economy is gradually moving onwards indicative planning where hard planning is no longer undertaken). The role of the (Planning Commission) accordingly changes. The Commission concerns itself with the building of a long term strategic vision of the future and decide on priorities of nation. (It works out sectoral targets and provides promotional stimulus to the economy to grow in the desired direction).

Planning Commission plays an integrative role in evolving a national plan in critical areas of human and economic development. (In the social sector, Planning Commission helps in schemes which require coordination and synergy like rural health, drinking water, rural energy needs, literacy and environment protection).

When planning in a vast federal country like India involves multiplicity of agencies, a high powered body like the PC can help in evolution of an integrated approach for better results atmuch lower costs.

In our transitional economy, (Planning Commission attempts to play a systems change role and provide consultancy within the Government for developing better systems). It has to ensure smooth management of the change and help in creating a culture of high productivity and efficiency in the Government.

In order to spread the gains of experience more widely, Planning Commission also plays an information dissemination role.

With the emergence of severe constraints on available budgetary resources, the resource allocation system between the States and Ministries of the Central Government is under strain. This requires the Planning Commission to play a mediatory and facilitating role, keeping in view the best interest of all concerned.

From Planning Commission to Systems Reforms Commission

There has been a significant change in the role of the PC since its inception in 1950. In the beginning, Planning Commission was all powerful and had the final say and the veto over every aspect - related to growth and socio-economic development- of the functioning of the Union Ministries and the State Governments: The manner of raising and utilising resources; specific allocations to particular schemes and programmes; location of enterprises; expansion and reduction of capacities; application of technologies; sources of supplies; modalities of implementation; priorities, phasing, pricing, targets and timeframes; nature of the instrumentalities; qualifications and strength of personnel of organisations; staff emoluments etc.

(Since 1991, India adopted the indicative planning model, away fromthe kind of centralised planning on the Soviet model envisaged by Jawaharlal Nehru). Now Ministries and Departments, as well as the corporate entities in the private sector, enjoy a lot of functional, financial and operational autonomy.

In the era of liberalisation, the economic players should properly be left to decide for themselves what they consider to be the appropriate courses of action on the various issues coming up before them, whether they relate to policies, schemes or investments.

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