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(IGP) GS Paper 1 - History of India & Indian National Movement - "The Sultans of Delhi"
Integrated Guidance Programme of General Studies for IAS (Pre) - 2013
Subject - History of India &
Indian National Movement
Chapter : The Sultans of Delhi
Qutubuddin Aibek
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Founder of the Sultanate of Delhi, & the first Independent Muslim ruler.
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A turk of ‘Aibak’ tribe which means ‘Lord of the moon’.
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Founder of the Slave Dynasty.
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Died whole playing Chaugan (Polo)
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Laid the foundation of Qutab Minar after the name of a Sufi Saint Khawaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
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Built tow mospues “Quwan-ul-Islam mosque” at Delhi and “Dhai Din ka Jhonapara” at Amer.
Shamsuddin Iltutmish
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Real founder of Delhi Sultanate.
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Introducced silver “Tankk’(175 grains) & ‘Jital’ two principal coins.
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Completed the construction of Qutab Minar.
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Created ‘Turkan-i-Chanhalagani’ a selected body of Trukish nobles.
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Coming of Mongols under the leadership of Changiz Khan to the frontiers of India91220 AD)
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Indroduced Iqta System in administration.
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Declared Rajiya as his heir apparent.
Ghiasuddin Balban
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Consolidator of the Sultanate of Delhi.
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First Sultan to put forward his views about Kingship according to which the king was the shadow of God title Nvabat-i-khudui and inscribed –zillah on coins .
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Created a separate military department (Diwan-i-Ariz) and appointed Kotwal.
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Regulated court ceremonial after Persian mode, introduced Sijda ) prostration) Paibok 9 Kissing the monarach’s feet) and celebration of Persian ‘Nauroz’.(New year day)
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Destroyed the ‘group of forty’ or chahalgani.
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Belonged to the Ilbari tribe.
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Adopted the policy of ‘Blood and Iron’ in governance
Alauddin Khalji
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Like Balban. He believed that Sultan is Good’s representative on earth and declared himself second Alexander
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The only man who could presume to advise the king was Ala-ul-mulk, the kotwal of Delhi.
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During his time the army was directly recruited by the army minister (ariz— mamalik). It was paid in cash form the royal treasury. The pay of trooper was 234 tankas a year, while one with and additional horse was paid 78 tankas more, Ala-ud-din instituted the practice of recording the descriptive roll N Chehra (huliya) of individual soldiers and the branding of horses (dagh system).
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For regulation and control over markets he instituted now official machinery, Diwan-iriyasat the head of entire market control system Shshna-i-mandi the superintendent of market, and Rais Parwana, the permit officer of markets.
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Created a new department of revenue (Diwani- Mustakharaj) to realize arrears.
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Introduced house tax and pasture tax, ghari/ charai respectively.
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Built ‘Alai Darwaja’, ‘Siri fort’ Mahal-i-Hazar Situn’, “Zamait-e-khana mosque.”
Mohammad Bin Tughlaq
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Formulated ‘famine-code’ to provide relief to famine-affected people.
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Created the department of agriculture (Diwani- Amirkohi)
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Is known as “Misture of opposites” or a mad king”.
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Enhanced revenue or doab to one half of the produce.
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Shifted capital from Delhi to Devagiri (rename, Daulatabad) in 1326-27.
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Introduced token currency of copper and brass(1329-30)
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Known as a ‘prince of moneyers’.
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First sultan to advance loans known as sondhar to peasants for digging wells to extend cultivation.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq
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Was a cousin of Mohammed Bin Tughlaq and was offered the crown by the nobles.
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Made ‘Iqta system’ hereditary.
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Founded several cities like Firozabad, Fatehabad, Hissar, Jaunpur, Firozpur etc.
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Wrote the autobiography “Futuhat-i-Firogshahi”
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Diwan-i-khairat was the special creation of Firoz for helping the poor Muslim parents in the marriage of their daughter. It was in charge of Sayyid Amir Miran.
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The department Diwan-I-Bandgan was also a new creation of Firuz which administered the affairs of the slaves. Raised a huge force of slaves numbering 180000.
Sikandar Bahlul Lodi Ibrahim
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Introduced a new gaz known as gaz-i-Sikandari of 32 digit.
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He was fond of literature and poetry and wrote verses in Persian under the name of Ghirlakhi.
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The main achievement of the Sultan was the conquest and annexation of Bihar.
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Founder of Agra city in 1506 and made it his capital
Main Departments of the Sultanate
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Diwan-I-Waziarat
The head of the department was wazir who exercised general supervision over all departments & in particular the department was associated with the finance. -
Diwan –I-Arz
The head of the department was Ariz-imumalik
This was the military department.
Overall commander of the army was the Sultan. -
Diwan –I – Insha
The head of the department was Dabir-imumalik
Looked after state correspondence
Associated with issuing of farnans. -
Diwan-I- Risalat
The head of the department was Sasr-us-Sudur
Delhi and its different names through times
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Allaudin Khalji constructed Siri Fort in 1303 AD.
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Ghaisuddin Tughlaq built Tughlaqabad in 1321.
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Md. Bin Tughlaq constructed Adilabad.
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Md . Bin Tughlaq founded other city knows as jahanpanah.
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Firoz Shah Tughlaq built Firozabad in 1354
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Humayun constructed Dinpanah in 1533
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Shershah built Purana Quilla at the site of Jahanpanah
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Shahjanah founded Shajhanabad in 1684.
Amir Khusro
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His real name was Abdul Hasan.
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He created a new literary style in Persian which came to be known as Sabaq -I- Hindi
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He composed verses in Hindi as well and paved the way for the development of Urdu
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He lived through the reigns of six sultans - patronised by Jalaluddin Khalji Alauddin Khalji and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.
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He was a disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya the famous Sufi saint of Chisti order.
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He introduced numerous perso-arabic ragas–aiman sanam ghura etc.