Syllabus of History in Mains

(Paper-I)

1. Sources:

• Archaeological sources:  Exploration, excavation, epigraphy, numismatics, monuments
• Literary sources: Indigenous: Primary and secondary; poetry, scientific literature, literature, literature in regional languages, religious literature.
• Foreign accounts: Greek, Chinese and Arab writers.

2. Pre-history and Proto-history:

• Geographical factors; hunting and gathering (Paleolithic and Mesolithic); Beginning of agriculture (Neolithic and Chalcolithic).

3. Indus Valley Civilization:

• Origin, date, extent, characteristics, decline, survival and significance, art and architecture.

4. Megalithic Cultures:

• Distribution of pastoral and farming cultures outside the Indus, Development of community life, Settlements, Development of agriculture, Crafts, Pottery, and Iron industry.

5. Aryans and Vedic Period:

• Expansions of Aryans in India. 
• Vedic Period: Religious and philosophic literature; Transformation from Rig Vedic period to the later Vedic period; Political, social and economical life; Significance of the Vedic Age; Evolution of Monarchy and Varna system.

6. Period of Mahajanapadas:

• Formation of States (Mahajanapada) : Republics and monarchies; Rise of urban centres; Trade routes; Economic growth; Introduction of coinage; Spread of Jainism and Buddhism; Rise of Magadha and Nandas.
• Iranian and Macedonian invasions and their impact.

7. Mauryan Empire:

• Foundation of the Mauryan Empire, Chandragupta, Kautilya and Arthashastra; Ashoka; Concept of Dharma; Edicts; Polity, Administration; Economy; Art, architecture and sculpture; External contacts; Religion; Spread of religion; Literature.
• Disintegration of the empire; Sungas and Kanvas.

8. Post - Mauryan Period (Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Kushanas, Western Kshatrapas):

• Contact with outside world; growth of urban centres, economy, coinage, development of religions, Mahayana, social conditions, art, architecture, culture, literature and science.

9. Early State and Society in Eastern India, Deccan and South India:

• Kharavela, The Satavahanas, Tamil States of the Sangam Age; Administration, economy, land grants, coinage, trade guilds and urban centres; Buddhist centres; Sangam literature and culture; Art and architecture.

10. Guptas, Vakatakas and Vardhanas:

• Polity and administration, Economic conditions, Coinage of the Guptas, Land grants, Decline of urban centres, Indian feudalism, Caste system, Position of women, Education and educational institutions; Nalanda, Vikramshila and Vallabhi, Literature, scientific literature, art and architecture.

11. Regional States during Gupta Era:

• The Kadambas, Pallavas, Chalukyas of Badami; Polity and Administration, Trade guilds, Literature; growth of Vaishnava and Saiva religions. Tamil Bhakti movement, Shankaracharya; Vedanta; Institutions of temple and temple architecture; Palas, Senas, Rashtrakutas, Paramaras, Polity and administration; Cultural aspects. Arab conquest of Sind; Alberuni, The Chalukyas of Kalyana, Cholas, Hoysalas, Pandyas; Polity and Administration; local Government; Growth of art and architecture, religious sects, Institution of temple and Mathas, Agraharas, education and literature, economy and society.

12. Themes in Early Indian Cultural History:

• Languages and texts, major stages in the evolution of art and architecture, major philosophical thinkers and schools, ideas in Science and Mathematics.

13. Early Medieval India, 750-1200:

• Polity: Major political developments in Northern India and the Peninsula, origin and the rise of Rajputs
• The Cholas: administration, village economy and society
• “Indian Feudalism”
• Agrarian economy and urban settlements
• Trade and commerce
• Society: the status of the Brahman and the new social order
• Condition of women
• Indian science and technology

14. Cultural Traditions in India, 750-1200:

• Philosophy: Skankaracharya and Vedanta, Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita, Madhva and Brahma Mimansa
• Religion: Forms and features of religion, Tamil devotional cult, growth of Bhakti, Islam and its arrival in India, Sufism
• Literature: Literature in Sanskrit, growth of Tamil literature, literature in the newly developing languages, Kalhan’s Rajtarangini, Alberuni’s India
• Art and Architecture: Temple architecture, sculpture, painting

15. The Thirteenth Century:

• Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate: The Ghurian invasions – factors behind Ghurian success
• Economic, social and cultural consequences
• Foundation of Delhi Sultanate and early Turkish Sultans
• Consolidation: The rule of Iltutmish and Balban

16. The Fourteenth Century:

• “The Khalji Revolution”
• Alauddin Khalji: Conquests and territorial expansion, agrarian and economic measures
• Muhammad Tughluq: Major projects, agrarian measures, bureaucracy of Muhammad Tughluq
• Firuz Tughluq: Agrarian measures, achievements in civil engineering and public works, decline of the Sultanate, foreign contacts and Ibn Battuta’s account

17. Society, Culture and Economy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries:

• Society: composition of rural society, ruling classes, town dwellers, women, religious classes, caste and slavery under the Sultanate, Bhakti movement, Sufi movement
• Culture: Persian literature, literature in the regional languages of North India, literature in the languages of South India, Sultanate architecture and new structural forms, painting, evolution of a composite culture
• Economy: Agricultural production, rise of urban economy and non-agricultural production, trade and commerce

18. The Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century – Political Developments and Economy:

• Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir (Zainul Abedin), Gujarat, Malwa, Bahmanids
• The Vijayanagra Empire
• Lodis
• Mughal Empire, First phase: Babur and Humayun
• The Sur Empire: Sher Shah’s administration
• Portuguese Colonial enterprise
• Bhakti and Sufi Movements

19. The Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Century – Society and Culture:

• Regional cultural specificities
• Literary traditions
• Provincial architecture
• Society, culture, literature and the arts in Vijayanagara Empire.

20. Akbar:

• Conquests and consolidation of the Empire
• Establishment of Jagir and Mansab systems
• Rajput policy
• Evolution of religious and social outlook, theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy
• Court patronage of art and technology

21. Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century:

• Major administrative policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb
• The Empire and the Zamindars
• Religious policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb
• Nature of the Mughal State
• Late Seventeenth century crisis and the revolts
• The Ahom Kingdom
• Shivaji and the early Maratha Kingdom.

22. Economy and Society in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries:

• Population, agricultural production, craft production
• Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French companies : a trade revolution
• Indian mercantile classes, banking, insurance and credit systems
• Condition of peasants, condition of women
• Evolution of the Sikh community and the Khalsa Panth

23. Culture in the Mughal Empire:

• Persian histories and other literature
• Hindi and other religious literature
• Mughal architecture
• Mughal painting
• Provincial architecture and painting
• Classical music
• Science and technology

24. The Eighteenth Century:

• Factors for the decline of the Mughal Empire
• The regional principalities: Nizam’s Deccan, Bengal, Awadh
• Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas
• The Maratha fiscal and financial system
• Emergence of Afghan Power, Battle of Panipat:1761
• State of politics, culture and economy on the eve of the British conquest

Paper-II

1. European Penetration into India:

The Early European Settlements; The Portuguese and the Dutch; The English and the French East India Companies; Their struggle for supremacy; Carnatic Wars; Bengal -The conflict between the English and the Nawabs of Bengal; Siraj and the English; The Battle of Plassey; Significance of Plassey.

2. British Expansion in India:

Bengal – Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim; The Battle of Buxar; Mysore; The Marathas; The three Anglo-Maratha Wars; The Punjab.

3. Early Structure of the British Raj:

The early administrative structure; From diarchy to direct control; The Regulating Act (1773); The Pitt’s India Act (1784); The Charter Act (1833); The voice of free trade and the changing character of British colonial rule; The English utilitarian and India.

4. Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule:

(a) Land revenue settlements in British India; The Permanent Settlement; Ryotwari Settlement; Mahalwari Settlement; Economic impact of the revenue arrangements; Commercialization of agriculture; Rise of landless agrarian labourers; Impoverishment of the rural society.
(b) Dislocation of traditional trade and commerce; De-industrialisation; Decline of traditional crafts; Drain of wealth; Economic transformation of India; Railroad and communication network including telegraph and postal services; Famine and poverty in the rural interior; European business enterprise and its limitations.

5. Social and Cultural Developments:

The state of indigenous education, its dislocation; Orientalist-Anglicist controversy, The introduction of western education in India; The rise of press, literature and public opinion; The rise of modern vernacular literature; Progress of science; Christian missionary activities in India.

6. Social and Religious Reform movements in Bengal and Other Areas:

Ram Mohan Roy, The Brahmo Movement; Devendranath Tagore; Iswarchandra Vidyasagar; The Young Bengal Movement; Dayanada Saraswati; The social reform movements in India including Sati, widow remarriage, child marriage etc.; The contribution of Indian renaissance to the growth of modern India; Islamic revivalism – the Feraizi and Wahabi Movements.

7. Indian Response to British Rule:

Peasant movements and tribal uprisings in the 18th and 19th centuries including the Rangpur Dhing (1783), the Kol Rebellion (1832), the Mopla Rebellion in Malabar (1841-1920), the Santal Hul (1855), Indigo Rebellion (1859-60), Deccan Uprising (1875) and the Munda Ulgulan (1899-1900); The Great Revolt of 1857 - Origin, character, causes of failure, the consequences; The shift in the character of peasant uprisings in the post-1857 period; the peasant movements of the 1920s and 1930s.

8. Factors leading to the birth of Indian Nationalism; Politics of Association;

The Foundation of the Indian National Congress; The Safety-valve thesis relating to the birth of the Congress; Programme and objectives of Early Congress; the social composition of early Congress leadership; the Moderates and Extremists; The Partition of Bengal (1905); The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal; the economic and political aspects of Swadeshi Movement; The beginning of revolutionary extremism in India.

9. Rise of Gandhi; Character of Gandhian nationalism;

Gandhi’s popular appeal; Rowlatt Satyagraha; the Khilafat Movement; the Non-cooperation Movement; National politics from the end of the Non-cooperation movement to thebeginning of the Civil Disobedience movement; the two phases of the Civil Disobedience Movement; Simon Commission; The Nehru Report; the Round Table Conferences; Nationalism and the Peasant Movements; Nationalism and Working class movements; Women and Indian youth and students in Indian politics (1885-1947); the election of 1937 and the formation of ministries; Cripps Mission; the Quit India Movement; the Wavell Plan; The Cabinet Mission.

10. Constitutional Developments in the Colonial India between 1858 and 1935

11. Other strands in the National Movement The Revolutionaries:

Bengal, the Punjab, Maharashtra, U.P, the Madras Presidency, Outside India. The Left; The Left within the Congress: Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, the Congress Socialist Party; the Communist Party of India, other left parties.

12. Politics of Separatism; the Muslim League;

The Hindu Mahasabha; Communalism and the politics of partition; Transfer of power; Independence.

13. Consolidation as a Nation; Nehru’s Foreign Policy;

India and her neighbours (1947-1964); The linguistic reorganization of States (1935-1947); Regionalism and regional inequality; Integration of Princely States; Princes in electoral politics; the Question of National Language.

14. Caste and Ethnicity after 1947;

Backward castes and tribes in postcolonial electoral politics; Dalit movements.

15. Economic development and political change;

Land reforms; the politics of planning and rural reconstruction; Ecology and environmental policy in post - colonial India; Progress of science.

16. Enlightenment and Modern ideas:

• Major ideas of Enlightenment: Kant, Rousseau
• Spread of Enlightenment in the colonies
• Rise of socialist ideas (up to Marx); spread of Marxian Socialism.

17. Origins of Modern Politics:

• European States System.
• American Revolution and the Constitution.
• French revolution and aftermath, 1789-1815.
• American Civil War with reference to Abraham Lincoln and the abolition of slavery.
• British Democratic Politics, 1815-1850; Parliamentary Reformers, Free Traders, Chartists.

18. Industrialization:

• English Industrial Revolution: Causes and Impact on Society
• Industrialization in other countries: USA, Germany, Russia, Japan
• Industrialization and Globalization.

19. Nation-State System:

• Rise of Nationalism in 19th century
• Nationalism: state-building in Germany and Italy
• Disintegration of Empires in the face of the emergence of nationalities across the world.

20. Imperialism and Colonialism:

• South and South-East Asia
• Latin America and South Africa
• Australia
• Imperialism and free trade: Rise of neo-imperialism.

21. Revolution and Counter-Revolution:

• 19th Century European revolutions
• The Russian Revolution of 1917-1921
• Fascist Counter-Revolution, Italy and Germany.
• The Chinese Revolution of 1949\

22. World Wars:

• 1st and 2nd World Wars as Total Wars: Societal implications
• World War I: Causes and consequences
• World War II: Causes and consequence

23. The World after World War II:

• Emergence of two power blocs
• Emergence of Third World and non-alignment
• UNO and the global disputes.

24. Liberation from Colonial Rule:

• Latin America-Bolivar
• Arab World-Egypt
• Africa-Apartheid to Democracy
• South-East Asia-Vietnam

25. Decolonization and Underdevelopment:

• Factors constraining development: Latin America, Africa

26. Unification of Europe:

• Post War Foundations: NATO and European Community
• Consolidation and Expansion of European Community
• European Union.

27. Disintegration of Soviet Union and the Rise of the Unipolar World:

• Factors leading to the collapse of Soviet communism and the Soviet Union, 1985-1991
• Political Changes in Eastern Europe 1989-2001.
• End of the cold war and US ascendancy in the World as the lone superpower.

1. Sources:

• Archaeological sources
• Literary sources
• Foreign accounts

2. Indus Valley Civilization:

• Origin,
• characteristics,
• decline,
• survival and significance,
• art and architecture.

3. Aryans and Vedic Period:

• Expansions of Aryans in India.
• Vedic Period: Religious and philosophic literature,
• Transformation from Rig Vedic period to the later Vedic period
• Political, social and economical life
• Significance of the Vedic Age

4. Period of Mahajanapadas:

• Formation of States (Mahajanapada)
• Republics and monarchies
• Rise of urban centres;
• Trade routes; Economic growth; Introduction of coinage;
• Spread of Jainism and Buddhism; Rise of Magadha and Nandas.
• Iranian and Macedonian invasions and their impact.

5. Mauryan Empire:

• Foundation of the Mauryan Empire,
• Chandragupta,
• Kautilya and Arthashastra,
• Ashoka; Concept of Dharma
• Edicts,
• Polity, Administration,
• Economy,
• Art, architecture and sculpture,
• External contacts
• Religion; Spread of religion,
• Literature,
• Disintegration of the empire,
• Sungas and Kanvas.

6. Guptas, Vakatakas and Vardhanas:

• Polity and administration,
• Economic conditions,
• Coinage of the Guptas,
• Land grants,
• Decline of urban centres,
• Indian feudalism,
• Caste system, Position of women,
• Education and educational institutions; Nalanda, Vikramshila and Vallabhi,
• Literature, scientific literature,
• art and architecture.

7. Regional States during Gupta Era:

• The Kadambas,
• Pallavas,
• Chalukyas of Badami;
• Polity and Administration,
• Trade guilds,
• Literature;
• growth of Vaishnava and Saiva religions.
• Tamil Bhakti movement,
• Shankaracharya;
• Vedanta;
• Institutions of temple and temple architecture;
• Palas, Senas, Rashtrakutas, Paramaras,
• Polity and administration; Cultural aspects.
• Arab conquest of Sind; Alberuni,
• The Chalukyas of Kalyana,
• Cholas, Hoysalas, Pandyas;
• Polity and Administration;
• local Government;
• Growth of art and architecture,
• religious sects,
• Institution of temple and Mathas, Agraharas, education and literature, economy and society.

8. Themes in Early Indian Cultural History:

• Languages and texts,
• major stages in the evolution of art and architecture,
• major philosophical thinkers and schools,
• ideas in Science and Mathematics.

9. Early Medieval India, 750-1200:

• Polity: Major political developments in Northern India and the Peninsula, origin and the rise of Rajputs
• The Cholas: administration, village economy and society
• “Indian Feudalism”
• Agrarian economy and urban settlements
• Trade and commerce
• Society: the status of the Brahman and the new social order
• Condition of women
• Indian science and technology

10. Cultural Traditions in India, 750-1200:

• Philosophy: Skankaracharya and Vedanta,
• Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita,
• Madhva and Brahma Mimansa
• Religion: Forms and features of religion,
• Tamil devotional cult,
• growth of Bhakti,
• Islam and its arrival in India,
• Sufism
• Literature: Literature in Sanskrit, growth of Tamil literature, literature in the newly developing languages, Kalhan’s Rajtarangini, Alberuni’s India
• Art and Architecture: Temple architecture, sculpture, painting

1. The Thirteenth Century:

• The Ghurian invasions – factors behind Ghurian success
• Economic, social and cultural consequences
• Foundation of Delhi Sultanate and early Turkish Sultans
• Iltutmish
• Balban

2. The Fourteenth Century:

• “The Khalji Revolution”
• Alauddin Khalji: Conquests and territorial expansion,
• Agrarian and economic measures
• Muhammad Tughluq: Major projects, agrarian measures, bureaucracy of Muhammad Tughluq
• Firuz Tughluq: Agrarian measures, achievements in civil engineering and public works,
• Decline of the Sultanate,
• Foreign contacts
• Ibn Battuta’s account

3. Society, Culture and Economy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries:

• Society: composition of rural society, ruling classes, town dwellers, women, religious classes, caste and slavery under the Sultanate,
• Bhakti movement,
• Sufi movement
• Persian literature, literature in the regional languages of North India, literature in the languages of South India,
• Sultanate architecture and new structural forms, painting, evolution of a composite culture
• Economy: Agricultural production, rise of urban economy and non-agricultural production, trade and commerce

4. The Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Century – Society and Culture:

• Regional cultural specificities
• Literary traditions
• Provincial architecture
• Society, culture, literature and the arts in Vijayanagara Empire.

5. Akbar:

• Conquests and consolidation of the Empire
• Jagir systems
• Mansab systems
• Rajput policy
• Evolution of religious and social outlook, theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy
• Court patronage of art and technology

6. Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century:

• Major administrative policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb
• The Empire and the Zamindars
• Religious policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb
• Nature of the Mughal State
• Late Seventeenth century crisis and the revolts
• The Ahom Kingdom
• Shivaji and the early Maratha Kingdom.

7. Economy and Society in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries:

• Population, agricultural production, craft production
• Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French companies : a trade revolution
• Indian mercantile classes, banking, insurance and credit systems
• Condition of peasants, condition of women
• Evolution of the Sikh community and the Khalsa Panth

8. Culture in the Mughal Empire:

• Persian histories and other literature
• Hindi and other religious literature
• Mughal architecture
• Mughal painting
• Provincial architecture and painting
• Classical music
• Science and technology

9. The Eighteenth Century:

• Factors for the decline of the Mughal Empire
• The regional principalities: Nizam’s Deccan,
• Bengal,
• Awadh
• Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas
• The Maratha fiscal and financial system
• Emergence of Afghan Power,
• Battle of Panipat:1761
• State of politics, culture and economy on the eve of the British conquest

1. European Penetration into India:

• The Battle of Plassey; Significance of Plassey.

2. British Expansion in India:

• Bengal – Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim;
• The Battle of Buxar;
• Mysore;
• The Marathas; The three Anglo-Maratha Wars;
• The Punjab.

3. Early Structure of the British Raj:

• The early administrative structure; From diarchy to direct control;
• The Regulating Act (1773);
• The Pitt’s India Act (1784);
• The Charter Act (1833);
• The voice of free trade and the changing character of British colonial rule;
• The English utilitarian and India.

4. Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule:

• The Permanent Settlement;
• Ryotwari Settlement;
• Mahalwari Settlement;
• Economic impact of the revenue arrangements;
• Commercialization of agriculture;
• Rise of landless agrarian labourers;
• Impoverishment of the rural society.
• De-industrialisation;
• Decline of traditional crafts;
• Drain of wealth;
• Economic transformation of India; Railroad and communication network including telegraph and postal services;
• Famine and poverty in the rural interior;
• European business enterprise and its limitations.

5. Social and Cultural Developments:

• Orientalist-Anglicist controversy,
• The introduction of western education in India;
• The rise of press, literature and public opinion;
• The rise of modern vernacular literature;
• Progress of science;
• Christian missionary activities in India.

6. Social and Religious Reform movements in Bengal and Other Areas:

• Ram Mohan Roy,
• The Brahmo Movement;
• Devendranath Tagore;
• Iswarchandra Vidyasagar;
• The Young Bengal Movement;
• Dayanada Saraswati;
• The social reform movements in India including Sati, widow remarriage, child marriage etc.;
• The contribution of Indian renaissance to the growth of modern India;
• The Feraizi Movements,
• Wahabi Movements.

7. Indian Response to British Rule:

• Peasant movements and tribal uprisings in the 18th and 19th centuries including the Rangpur Dhing (1783),
• the Kol Rebellion (1832),
• the Mopla Rebellion in Malabar (1841-1920),
• the Santal Hul (1855),
• Indigo Rebellion (1859-60),
• Deccan Uprising (1875) and
• the Munda Ulgulan (1899-1900);
• The Great Revolt of 1857 - Origin, character,
• causes of failure, the consequences;
• The shift in the character of peasant uprisings in the post-1857 period;
• the peasant movements of the 1920s and 1930s.

8. The Foundation of the Indian National Congress;

• The Safety-valve thesis relating to the birth of the Congress;
• Programme and objectives of Early Congress;
• the social composition of early Congress leadership;
• the Moderates and Extremists;
• The Partition of Bengal (1905);
• The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal; the economic and political aspects of Swadeshi Movement;
• The beginning of revolutionary extremism in India.

9.Character of Gandhian nationalism;

• Gandhi’s popular appeal;
• Rowlatt Satyagraha;
• the Khilafat Movement;
• the Non-cooperation Movement;
• National politics from the end of the Non-cooperation movement to the beginning of the Civil Disobedience movement;
• the two phases of the Civil Disobedience Movement;
• Simon Commission;
• The Nehru Report;
• the Round Table Conferences;
• Nationalism and the Peasant Movements;
• Nationalism and Working class movements;
• Women and Indian youth and students in Indian politics (1885-1947);
• the election of 1937 and the formation of ministries;
• Cripps Mission;
• the Quit India Movement;
• the Wavell Plan;
• The Cabinet Mission.

10. Constitutional Developments in the Colonial India between 1858 and 1935

11. Nehru’s Foreign Policy;

• India and her neighbours (1947-1964);
• The linguistic reorganization of States (1935-1947);
• Regionalism and regional inequality;
• Integration of Princely States;
• Princes in electoral politics;
• the Question of National Language.

12. Economic development and political change;

• Land reforms;
• the politics of planning and rural reconstruction;
• Ecology and environmental policy in post - colonial India;
• Progress of science.

1. Enlightenment and Modern ideas:

• Major ideas of Enlightenment: Kant, Rousseau
• Spread of Enlightenment in the colonies
• Rise of socialist ideas (up to Marx); spread of Marxian Socialism.

2. Origins of Modern Politics:

• European States System.
• American Revolution and the Constitution.
• French revolution and aftermath, 1789-1815.
• American Civil War with reference to Abraham Lincoln and the abolition of slavery.
• British Democratic Politics, 1815-1850; Parliamentary Reformers, Free Traders, Chartists.

3. Industrialization:

• English Industrial Revolution: Causes and Impact on Society
• Industrialization in other countries: USA, Germany, Russia, Japan
• Industrialization and Globalization.

4. Revolution and Counter-Revolution:

• 19th Century European revolutions
• The Russian Revolution of 1917-1921
• Fascist Counter-Revolution, Italy and Germany.
• The Chinese Revolution of 1949

5. World Wars:

• 1st and 2nd World Wars as Total Wars: Societal implications
• World War I: Causes and consequences
• World War II: Causes and consequence

6. The World after World War II:

• Emergence of two power blocs
• Emergence of Third World and non-alignment
• UNO and the global disputes.

7. Liberation from Colonial Rule:

• Latin America-Bolivar
• Arab World-Egypt
• Africa-Apartheid to Democracy
• South-East Asia-Vietnam

8. Decolonization and Underdevelopment:

• Factors constraining development: Latin America, Africa

9. Unification of Europe:

• Post War Foundations: NATO and European Community
• Consolidation and Expansion of European Community
• European Union.

10. Disintegration of Soviet Union and the Rise of the Unipolar World:

• Factors leading to the collapse of Soviet communism and the Soviet Union, 1985-1991
• Political Changes in Eastern Europe 1989-2001.
• End of the cold war and US ascendancy in the World as the lone superpower.

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