(Paper) Civil Engineering: Optional Subject of Main Examination

UPSC : Civil Engineering : Optional Subject of Main Examination

Part-A: Engineering Mechanics, Strength of Materials and Structural analysis.

Engineering Mechanics: Units and Dimensions, SI Units, Vectors, Concept of Force, Concept of particle and rigid body. Concurrent, Non-concurrent and parallel forces in a plane, moment of force and Varignons theorem, free body diagram, conditions of equilibrium, Principle of virtual work, equivalent force system.

First and Second Moment of area, Mass moment of Inertia. Static Friction, Inclined Plane and bearings. Kinematics and Kinetics: Kinematics in Cartesian and Polar Co-ordinates, morion under uniform and non-uniform acceleration, motion under gravity. Kinetics of particle: Momentum and Energy principles, D Alemberts Principle, Collision of elastic bodies, rotation of rigid bodies, simple harmonic motion, Flywheel.

Strength of Materials: Simple Stress and Strain, Elastic constants, axially loaded compression members, Shear force and bending moment, theory of simple bending, Shear Stress distribution across cross-sections, Beams of uniform strength, Leaf spring. Strain Energy in direct stress, bending & shear.

Deflection of beams: Mecaulays method, Mohrs Moment area method, Conjugate beam method, unit load method. Torsion of Shafts, Transmission of power, close coiled helical springs, Elastic stability of columns, Eulers Rankines and Secant formulae. Principal Stresses and Strains in two dimensions, Mohrs Circle, theories of Elastic Failure, thin and thick cylinder: Stresses due to internal and external pressure-Lames equations.

Structural Analysis: Castiglianios theorems I, and Ti, unit load method of consistent deformation applied to beams and pin jointed trusses. Slope-deflection, moment distribution, Kanis method of analysis and column Analogy method applied to indeterminate beams and rigid frames.

Rolling loads and Influences lines: Influences lines for Shear Force and Bending moment at a section of beam. Criteria for maximum shear force and bending Moment in beams traversed by a system of moving loads. Influences lines for simply supported plane pin jointed trusses.

Arches: Three hinged, two hinged and fixed arches, rib shortening and temperature effects, influence lines in arches.

Matrix methods of analysis: Force method and displacement method of analysis of indeterminate beams and rigid frames. Plastic Analysis of beams and fames: Theory of plastic bending, plastic analysis, statical method, Mechanism method.

Unisymmetrial bending-Moment of inertia, product of inertia, position of Neutral Axis and Principle axes, calculation of bending stresses.

Part-B: Design of Structures: Steel, Concrete and Masonry structures. Structural steel Design:
Structural Steel: Factors of safety and load factors. Riveted, bolted and welded joints and connections. Design of tension and compression member, beams of built up section, riveted and welded plate girders, gantry girders, stanchions with battens and lacings, slab and gusseted column bases. Design of highway and railway bridges: Through and deck type plate girder, Warren girder, Pratt truss.

Design of Concrete and Masonry Structures: Concept of mix design. Reinforced concrete: Working Stress and Limit State method of design-Recommendations of l.S. codes of one way and two way slabs, staircase slabs, simple and continuous beams of rectangular, T and L sections. Compression members under direct load with or without eccentricity, Isolated and combined footings.

Cantilever and Counter for type retaining walls.

Water tanks: Design requirements for Rectangular and circular tanks resting on ground.

Prestressed concrete: Methods and systems of prestressing, anchorages, Analysis and design of sections for flexure based on working stress, loss of prestress. Design of brick masonry as per I. S. codes Design of masonry retaining walls.

Part-C: Fluid mechanics, Open Channel Flow and Hydraulic Machines
Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties and their role in fluid motion, fluid statics including forces acting on plane and curve surfaces. Kinematics and Dynamics of Fluid flow: Velocity and accelerations, stream lines, equation of continuity, irrotational and rotational flow, velocity potential and stream functions, flownet, methods of drawing flownet, sources and sinks, flow separation, free and forced vortices.

Control volume equation, continuity, momentum, energy and moment of momentum equations from control volume equation, Navier-Stokes equation, Eulers equation of motion, application to fluid flow problems, pipe flow, plane, curved, stationary and moving vanes, sluice gates, weirs, orifice meters and Venturi meters.

Dimensional Analysis and Similitude: Buckinghams Pi-theorem, ,dimensionless parameters, similitude theory, model laws, undistorted and distorted models.

Laminar Flow: Laminar flow between parallel, stationary and moving plates, flow through tube.

Boundary layer: Laminar and turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate, laminar sublayer, smooth and rough boundaries, drag and lift.

Turbulent flow through pipes: Characteristics of turbulent flow, velocity distribution and variation of pipe friction factor, hydraulic grade line and total energy line, siphons, expansion and contractions in pipes, pipe networks, water hammer in pipes and surge tanks.

Open channel flow: Uniform and non-uniform flows, momentum and energy correction factors, specific energy and specific force, critical depth, resistance equations and variation of roughness coefficient, rapidly varied flow, flow in contractions, flow at sudden drop, hydraulic jump and its applications surges and waves, gradually varied flow, classification of surface profiles, control section, step method of integration of varied flow equation, moving surges and hydraulic bore.

(c) Hydraulic Machines and Hydropower; Centrifugal pumps-Types, characteristics, Net Positive Suction Height (NPSH), specific speed. Pumps in parallel.

Reciprocating pumps, Airvessels, Hydraulic ram, efficiency parameters, Rotary and positive displacement pumps, diaphragm and jet pumps.

Hydraulic turbines, types classification, Choice of turbines, performance parameters, controls, characteristics, specific speed.

Principles of hydropower development. Type; layouts and Component works. Surge tanks, types and choice. Flow .duration curves and dependable flow. Storage an pondage. Pumped storage plants. Special features of mini, micro-hydel plants.

Part-D: Geo-Technical Engineering
Types of soil, phase relationships, consistency limits particles size distribution, classifications of soil, structure and clay mineralogy.

Capillary water and structural water, effective stress and pore water pressure, Darcys Law, factors affecting permeability, determination of permeability, permeability of stratified soil deposits.

Seepage pressure, quick sand condition, compressibility and consolidation, Terzaghis theory of one-dimensional consolidation, consolidation test.

Compaction of soil, field control of compaction. Total stress and effective stress parameters, pore pressure coefficients.

Shear strength of soils, Mohr Coulomb failure theory, Shear tests.

Earth pressure at rest, active and passive pressures, Rankines theory, Coulombs wedge theory, earth pressure on retaining wall, sheetpile walls, Braced excavation. Bearing capacity, Terzaghi and other important theories, net and gross bearing pressure.immediate and consolidation settlement. Stability of slope, Total Stress and Effective Stress methods, Conventional methods of slices, stability number.
Subsurface exploration, methods of boring, sampling, perpetration tests, pressure meter tests.

Essential features of foundation, types of foundation, design criteria, choice of type of foundation, stress distribution in soils, Boussinessqs theory, Newmarkss chart, pressure bulb, contact pressure, applicability of different bearing capacity theories, evaluation of -bearing capacity from field tests, allowable bearing capacity, Settlement analysis, allowable settlement.

Proportioning of footing, isolated and combined footings, rafts, buoyancy rafts, Pile foundation, types of piles, pile capacity, static and dynamic analysis, design of pile groups, pile load test, settlement of piles, lateral capacity. Foundation for Bridges. Ground improvement techniques-preloading, sand drains, stone column, grouting, soil stabilisation.

Part-A: Construction Technology, Equipment, Planning and Management 1. Construction Technology:

Engineering Materials: Physical Properties of construction materials: Stones, Bricks and Tiles; Lime, Cement and Surkhi Mortars; lime Concrete and Cement Concrete, Properties of freshly mixed and hardened concrete, Flooring Tiles, use of ferro-cement, fiber-reinforced and polymer concrete, high strength concrete and light weight concrete. Timber: Properties and uses: defects in timber; seasoning and preservation of timber. Plastics, rubber and damp-proofing materials, termite proofing, Materials, for Low cost housing.

Construction: Building components and their functions; Brick masonry: Bonds, jointing. Stone masonry. Design of Brick masonry walls, as per I.S. codes, factors of safety, serviceability and strength requirements; plastering, pointing. Types of Floors & Roofs. Ventilators, Repairs in buildings. Functional planning of building: Building orientation, circulation, groping of areas, privacy concept and design of energy efficient building; provisions of National Building Code. Building estimates and specifications; Cost of works; valuation.

2. Construction Equipment:
Standard and special types of equipment, Preventive maintenance and . repair, factors affecting the selection of equipment, economical life, time and motion study, capital and maintenance cost.

Concreting equipments: Weight bacher, mixer, vibration, batching plant, Concrete pump.

Earth-work equipment: Power shovel hoe, bulldozer, dumper, trailors, and tractors, rollers, sheep foot roller.

3. Construction Planning and Management: Construction activity-schedules, job layout, bar charts, organization of contracting firms, Project control and supervision. Cost reduction measures.

New work analysis: CPM and PERT analysis, Float Times, cashing of activities, contraction of network for cost optimization, updating, Cost analysis and resource allocation.
Elements of Engineering Economics, methods of appraisal, present worth, annual cost, benefit-cost, incremental analysis. Economy of scale and size. Choosing between alternatives including levels of investments. Project profitability.

Part-B: Survey and Transportation Engineering
Survey: Common methods of distance and angle measurements, plane table survey, levelling traverse survey, triangulatson survey, corrections, and adjustment, contouring, topographical map. Surveying instruments for above purposes. Tachometry. Circular and transition curves. Principles of photogrammetry.

Railways: Permanent way, sleepers, rail fastenings, ballast, points and crossings, design of turn outs, stations and vards, turntables-signals, and interlocking, level-crossing. Construction and maintenance of permanent ways: Super-elevation, creep of rail, ruling gradient, track resistance, tractive effort, reiaying of track.

Highway Engineering: Principles of high way planning, Highway alignments. Geometrical design: Cross-section, camber, superelevation, horizontal and vertical curves. Classification of roads: low cost roads, flexible pavement, rigid pavements. Design of pavements and their construction, evaluation of pavement failure and strengthening. Drainage of roads: Surface and sub-surface drainage.

Traffic Engineering: Forecasting techniques, origin and destination survey. Highway capacity. Channelised and unchannelised intersections, rotary design elements, markings, sign, signals, street lighting; Traffic surveys. Principle of highway financing.

Part-C Hydrology, Water Resources and Engineering:
Hydrology: Hydrological cycle, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, depression storage, infiltration, overland flow, hydrograph, flood frequency analysis, flood estimation, flood routing through a reservoir, channel flow routing-Muskingam method.

Ground water flow: Specific yield, storage coefficient, coefficient of permeability, confined and unconfined equifers, aquifers, aquitards, radial flow into a well under confined and unconfined conditions, tube wells, pumping and recuperation tests, ground water potential.

Water Resources Engineering: Ground and surface water resource, single and multipurpose projects, storage capacity of reservoirs, reservoir losses, reservoir sedimentation, economics of water resources projects.

Irrigation Engineering: Water requirements of crops: consumptive use/ quality of water for irrigation, duty and delta, irrigation methods and their efficiencies.

Canals: Distribution systems for canal irrigation, canal capacity, canals losses alignment of main and distridutory canals, most efficient section, lined canals, their design, regime theory, critical shear stress, bed load, local and suspended load transport, cost analysis of lined and unlmed canals, drainage behind lining.

Water logging: causes and control, drainage, system design, salinity.

Canal structures: Design of cross regulators, head regulators, canal falls, aqueducts, metering flumes and canal outlets. Diversion head work: Principles and design of weirs of permeable and impermeable foundation, Khoslas theory, energy dissipation, stilling basin, sediment excluders.

Storage works: Types of dams, design, principles of rigid gravity and earth s dams, stability analysis, foundation treatment, joints and galleries, control of seepage.

Spillways: Spillway types, crest gates, energy dissipation.

River training: Objectives of river training, methods of river training.

Part -D: Environmental Engineering:
Water Supply: Estimation of surface and sub-surface water resources, predicting demand for water, impurities, of water and their significance, physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis, waterborne diseases, standards for potable water.

Intake of water: pumping and gravity schemes. Water treatment: Principles of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation; slow-, rapid-, pressure-, filters; chlorination, softening, removal of taste, odour and salinity.

Water storage and distribution: storage and balancing reservoirs: types, location and capacity. Distribution system: Layout, Hydraulics of pipe lines, pipe fittings valves including chack and pressure reducing valves, meters, analysis of distribution systems leak detection, maintenance of distribution systems, pumping stations and their operations.

Sewerage systems: Domestic and industrial wastes, storm sewage-separate and combined systems, flow through sewers, Design of sewers, sewer appurtenances, manholes, inlets, junctions, siphon. Plumbing in public buildings.

Sewage characterisation: BOD, COD, solids, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and TOC.
Standards of disposal in normal water course and on land.

Sewage treatment: Working principles, units chambers, sedimentation tanks, trickling filters, oxidation ponds, activated sludge process, _ septic tank disposal of sludge, recycling of waste water.
Solid waste: collection and disposal in rural and urban contexts, management of long-term ill effects.

Environmental pollution: Sustainable development. Radioactive wastes and disposal. Environmental impact assessment for thermal power plants, mines, river valley projects. Air pollution. Pollution control acts.