THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 15 August 2019 (How does negative rate policy work? (Indian Express))

How does negative rate policy work? (Indian Express)

Mains Paper 3: Economy
Prelims level: Negative rate policy
Mains level: Significance of the Negative rate policy

Context

Negative rate policy is becoming a more attractive option for some countries’ central banks.
This policy would counter unwelcome rises in the currencies of these countries.

Why have some central banks adopted negative rates?

To battle the global financial crisis triggered by the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008, many central banks cut interest rates near zero.
A decade later, interest rates remain low in most countries due to subdued economic growth.
With little room to cut rates further, some central banks have resorted to unconventional policy measures, including a negative rate policy.
The euro area, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden and Japan have allowed rates to fall slightly below zero.

How does it work?

Under a negative rate policy, financial institutions are required to pay interest for parking excess reserves with the central bank.
That way, central banks penalise financial institutions for holding on to cash in hope of prompting them to boost lending.
The European Central Bank (ECB) introduced negative rates in June 2014, lowering its deposit rate to -0.1% to stimulate the economy.
Given rising economic risks, markets expect the ECB to cut the deposit rate, now at -0.4%, in September.
The Bank of Japan (BOJ) adopted negative rates in January 2016, mostly to fend off an unwelcome yen spike from hurting an export-reliant economy.
It charges 0.1% interest on a portion of excess reserves financial institutions park with the BOJ.

What are the pros, cons?

Aside from lowering borrowing costs, negative rates weaken a country’s currency rate by making it a less attractive investment than that of other currencies.
A weaker currency gives a country’s export a competitive advantage and boosts inflation by pushing up import costs.
But negative rates put downward pressure on the entire yield curve and narrow the margin financial institutions earn from lending.
If prolonged ultra-low rates hurt the financial institutions’ health too much, they could hold off on lending and damage the economy.
There are also limits to how deep central banks can push rates into negative territory – depositors can avoid being charged negative rates on their bank deposits by choosing to hold physical cash instead.

What are central banks doing to mitigate the side-effects?

The BOJ adopts a tiered system under which it charges 0.1% interest only to a small portion of excess reserves financial institutions deposit with the central bank.
It applies a zero or +0.1% interest rate to the rest of the reserves.
The ECB is expected to take “mitigating measures”, such as a partial exemption from the charge in the form of tiered deposits rates, if it were to deepen negative rates from the current -0.4%.

Conclusion

But designing such a scheme won’t be easy in a bloc where cash is distributed unevenly among countries.
It could even backfire by pushing rates up in certain countries, rather than down.
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Prelims Questions:

Q.1) Which of the following provisions regarding national emergency was not enacted by the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act?
(a) Substituted the word 'armed rebelllion' for 'internal disturbance'.
(b) Enabled the President to limit the operation of the emergency to a specified part of India.
(c) Proclamation by the President can be made only on a written recommendation from the cabinet.
(d) Periodic approval for further continuation by both the Houses of the Parliament by special majority.