General Knowledge for IAS Exams (Indian Polity and Governance)

Articles of the Constitution:

Union and its Territory

1. Name and territory of the union
2. Admission or establishment of new states
2A. (Repealed)
3. Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing states
4. Laws made under Articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the first and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters

Citizenship

5. Citizenship at the commencement of the constitution
6. Rights of citizenship of certain person who have migrated to India from Pakistan
7. Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan
8. Rights of citizenship of certain person of indian origin residing outside India
9. Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign state not to be citizens
10. Continuance of the rights of citizenship
11. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law

Fundamental Rights

12. Definition of state
13. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights
14. Equality before law
15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion. race, caste, sex or place of birth
16. Equality of opportuity in matters of public employment
17. Abolition of untouchability
18. Abolition of titles
19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
20. Protection in respect of conviction for offences
21. Protection of life and personal liberty
21.A Right to elementary education
22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases
23. Prohibition of traffic king in human beings and forced labour
24. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
25. Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion
26. Freedom to manage religious affairs
27. Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion
28. Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions
29. Protection of interests of minorities
30. Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
31. (Repeated) Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.
31A. Validation of certain acts and regulations
31B. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles
31C. (Repeated)
32. Remedies for enforcement of fundamental rights including writs
32A. (Repeated)
33. Power of Parliament to modify the fundamental rights in their application to forces, etc.
34. Restriction on fundamental rights while martial law is in force in any area
35. Legislation to give effect to some of the provisions of fundamental rights

Directive Principles of State Policy

36. Definition of State
37. Application of the directive principles
38. State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people
39. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the state
39A. Equal justice and free legal aid
40. Organisation of village panchayats
41. Right to work, to education, and to public assistance in certain cases
42. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief
43. Living wage, etc. for workers
43A. Participation of workers in management of industries
44. Uniform civil code for the citizens
45. Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years
46. Promotion of educational and economic interests of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other weaker sections
47. Duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health
48. Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandary
48A. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life
49. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance
50. Seperation of judiciary from executive
51. Promotion of international peace and security

Fundamental Duties

51A. Fundamental duties

President and Vice-President

52. The President of India
53. Executive power of the Union
54. Election of President
55. Manner of election of President
56. Term of office of President
57. Eligibility of re-election
58. Qualifications for election as President
59. Conditions of President’s office
60. Oath or affirmation by the President
61. Procedure for impeachment of the President
62. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy
63. The Vice-President of India
64. The Vice-President to be ex-officio chairman of the council of states
65. The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President
66. Election of Vice-President
67. Term of office of Vice-President
68. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
69. Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President
70. Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies
71. Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President
72. Power of president to grant pardons, etc, and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases
73. Extent of executive power of the Union

Union Ministers and Attorney General

74. Council of ministers to aid and advise president
75. Other provisions as to ministers
76. Attorney-General for India
77. Conduct of business of the Government of India
78. Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc.

Parliament

79. Constitution of Parliament
80. Composition of the council of states
81. Composition of the House of the people
82. Readjustment after each census
83. Duration of Houses of Parliament
84. Qualification for membership of Parliament
85. Sessions of Parliament, propogation and dissolution
86. Rights of President to address and send messages to House
87. Special address by the President
88. Rights of ministers and Attorney General as respects Houses
89. The Chairman and Deputy chairman of the Council of States
90. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman
91. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman
92. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration
93. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the people
94. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker
95. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker
96. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration
97. Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
98. Secretariat of Parliament
99. Oath or affirmation by members
100. Voting in Houses, power of House to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum
101. Vacation of seats
102. Disqualifications for membership
103. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members
104. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under Article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified
105. Powers, privileges, etc,. of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committeess thereof
106. Salaries and allowances of members
107. Provisions as to introduction and passing of bills
108. Joint sitting of both House in certain cases
109. Special procedure in respect of money bills
110. Definition of ‘money bills’
111. Assent to bills
112. Annual financial statement (budget)
113. Procedure in Parliment with respect to estimates
114. Appropriation bills
115. Supplementary, additional or excess grants
116. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants
117. Special provisions as to financial bills
118. Rules of procedure
119. Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business
120. Language to be used in Parliament
121. Restriction on discussion in Parliament
122. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament
123. Power of President to promulgate ordinances during recess of Parliament

Supreme Court

124. Establishment and Constitution of Supreme Court
125. Salaries, etc,. of judges
126. Appointment of acting chief justice
127. Appointment of adhoc judges
128. Attendance of retired judges at sittings of the Supreme Court
129. Supreme Court to be a court of record
130. Seat of Supreme Court
131. Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
131A. (Repealed)
132. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from high courts in certain cases
133. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from high courts in regard to civil matters
134. Certificate for appeals to the Supreme Court
135. Jurisdiction and powers of the federal court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court
136. Special leave to appeals by the Supreme Court
137. Review of judgements or orders by the Supreme Court
138. Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
139. Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs
139A. Transfer of certain cases
140. Ancillary powers of Supreme Court
141. Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts
142. Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.
143. Power of President ot consult Supreme Court
144. Civil and judicial authoritites to act in aid of the Supreme Court
144A. (Repeated)
145. Rules of court, etc.
146. Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court
147. Interpretation

Comptroller and Auditor General of India

148. Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
149. Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor General
150. Form of accounts of the Union and of the states.
151. Audit reports

Governor

152. Definition of state
153. Governors of states
154. Executive power of state
155. Appointment of governor
156. Term of office of governor
157. Qualifications for appointment as governor
158. Conditions of governor’s office
159. Oath or affirmation by the governor
160. Discharge of the functions of the governor in certain contingencies
161. Power of governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases
162. Extent of executive power of state

State Ministers and Advocate General

163. Council of ministers to aid and advise governor
164. Other provisions as to ministers
165. Advocate General for the state
166. Conduct of chief minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.

State Legislature

168. Constitution of legislatures in states
169. Abolition or creation of legislative councils in states
170. Composition of the legislative assemblies
171. Composition of the legislative councils
172. Duration of state legislatures
173. Qualification for membership of the state legislature
174. Sessions of the state legislature, propogation and dissolution
175. Right of governor to address and send messages to the House
176. Special address by the governor
177. Rights of ministers and Advocate General as respects the House
178. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the legislative assembly
179. Vacation and resignation of , and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker
180. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, speaker
181. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration
182. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the legislative council
183. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman
184. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, chairman
185. The Chairman or the Deputy Chariman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from offices is under consideration
186. Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman
187. Secretariat of state legislature
188. Oath or affirmation by members
189. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum
190. Vacation of seats
191. Disqualifications for membership
192. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members
193. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under Article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified
194. Powers, privileges, etc, of the House of legislatures and of the members and committeess thereof
195. Salaries and allowances of members
196. Provisions as to introduction and passing of bills
197. Restriction on powers of legislative council as to bills other than money bills
198. Special procedure in respect of money bills
199. Definition of ‘money bills’
200. Assent to bills
201. Bills reserved for consideration of the president
202. Annual financial statement
203. Procedure in legislature with respect to estimates
204. Appropriation bills
205. Supplementary, additional or excess grants
206. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants
207. Special provisions as to financial bills
208. Rules of procedure
209. Regulation by law of procedure in the legislature of the state in relation to financial business
210. Language to be used in the legislature
211. Restriction on discussion in the legislature
212. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the legislature
213. Power of governor to promulgate ordinances during recess of legislature

High Courts

214. High courts for states
215. High courts to be courts of record
216. Constitution of high courts
217. Appointment and conditions of the office of a judge of a high court
218. Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to high courts
219. Oath or affirmation by judges of high courts
220. Restriction on practice after being a permanent judge
221. Salaries etc., of judges
222. Transfer of a judge from one high court to another
223. Appointment of acting chief justice
224. Appointment of additional and acting judges
224A. Appointment of retired judges at sittings of high courts
225. Jurisdiction of existing high courts
226. Power of high courts to issue certain writs
226A. (Repeated)
227. Power of superintendence over all courts by the high court
228. Transfer of certain cases to high court
228A. (Repeated)
229. Officers and servants and the expenses of high courts
230. Extension of jurisdiction of high courts to union territories
231. Establishment of a common high court for two or more states
232. (Repealed)

Subordinate Courts

233. Appointment of district judges
233A. Validation of appointments of, and judgements, etc., delivered by, certain district judges
234. Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service
235. Control over subordinate courts
236. Interpretation
237. Application of the provisions of this chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates
238. (Repeated)

Union Territories

239. Administration of union territories
239A. Creation of local legislatures or council of ministers or both for certain union territories
239AA. Special provisions with respect to Delhi
239AB. Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery
239B. Power of administrator to promulgate ordinances during recess of legislature
240. Power of president to make regulation for certain union territories
241. High courts for union territories
242. (Repeated)

Panchayats

243. Definitions
243A. Gram sabha
243B. Constitution of panchayats
243C. Composition of panchayats
243D. Reservation of seats
243E. Duration of panchayats, etc.
243F. Disqualifications for membership
243G. Powers, authority and responsibilities of panchayats
243H. Powers to impose taxes by, and funds of, the panchayats
243I. Constitution of finance commission to review financial position
243J. Audit of accounts of panchayats
243K. Elections to the panchayats
243L. Application to union territories
243M. Part not to apply to to certain areas
243N. Continuance of existing laws and panchayats
243-O. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters

Municipalities

243P. Definitions
243Q. Constitution of municipalities
243R. Compositionof municipalities
243S. Composition and composition of wards committees, etc.
243T. Reservation of seats
243U. Duration of municipalities, etc.
243V. Disqualifications for membership
243W. Powers, authority and responsibilities of municipalites, etc.
243X. Powers to impose taxes by, and funds of, the municipalities
243Y. Finance commission
243Z. Audit of accounts of municipalities
243ZA. Elections to the municipalities
243ZB. Application to union territories
243ZC. Part not to apply to certain areas
243ZD. Committee for district planning
243ZE. Committee for metropolitan planning
243ZF. Continuance of existing laws and municipalities
243ZG. Bar to interference by courts in electoral maters

Scheduled And Tribal Areas

244. Administration of scheduled areas and tribal areas
244A. Formation of an autonomous state comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local legislature or council of ministers or both therefor

Centre-state Legislative Relations

245. Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the legislatures of states
246. Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of states
247. Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts
248. Residuary powers of legislation
249. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest
250. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a proclamation of emergency is in operation
251. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the legislatures of states
252. Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more staes by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other state.
253. Legislation for giving effect to international agreements
254. Inconsistency between laws made by parliament and laws made by the legislatures of states
255. Requirements as to recommendation and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only

Centre - State Administrative Relations

256. Obligation of states and the Union
257. Control of the Union over states in certain cases
257A. (Repeated)
258. Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on states in certain cases
258A. Power of the states to entrust functions to the union
259. (Repeated)
260. Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside india
261. Public acts, records and judicial proceedings
262. Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-state rivers or river valleys
263. Provisions with respect to an inter-state council

Centre - State Financial Relations

264. Interpretation
265. Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law
266. Consolidated Funds and public accounts of india and of the states
267. Contingency Fund
268. Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the states
268A. Service tax levied by Union and collected and appropriated by the Union and the states.
269. Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the states
271. Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union
272. (Repeated)
273. Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products
274. Prior recommendation of president required to bills affecting taxation in which states are interested
275. Grants from the Union to certain states
276. Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments
277. Savings
278. (Repeated)
279. Calculation of net proceeds, etc.
280. Finance Commission
281. Recommendations of the finance commission
282. Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a state out of its revenues
283. Custody, etc., of consolidated funds, contingency funds and money credited to the public accounts
284. Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts
285. Exemption of property of the Union from state taxation
286. Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods
287. Exemption form taxes on electricity
288. Exemption from taxation by states in respect of water or electricity in certain cases
289. Exemption of property and income of a state from Union taxation
290. Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions
290A. Annual payment to certain devaswom funds
291. (Repeated)
292. Borrowing by the Government of India
293. Borrowing by states

Rights and Liabilities of the Government

294. Sucession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases
295. Sucession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases
296. Property accruing by escheat or lapse or bona vacantia
297. Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union
298. Power to carry on trade, etc.
299. Contracts
300. Suits and proceedings

Right to Property

300A. Persons not to be deprived of propery save by authority of law

Trade, Commerce and Intercourse

301. Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse
302. Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse
303. Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the states with regard to trade and commerce
304. Restrictions trade, commerce and intercourse among states
305. Saving of existing laws and laws providing for state monopolies
306. (Repeated)
307. Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of Articles 301 to 304

Public Services

308. Interpretation
309. Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a state
310. Tenure of office of persons serving the union or a state
311. Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a state
312. All-India services
312A. Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services
313. Transitional provisions
314. (Repeated)

Public Service Commissions

315. Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the states
316. Appointment and term of office of members
317. Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission
318. Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the commission
319. Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of the commission on ceasing to be such members
320. Functions of Public Service Commissions
321. Power to extend functions fo public service commissions
322. Expenses of Public Service Commissions
323. Reports of Public Service Commissions

Tribunals

323A. Administrative tribunals
324B. Tribunals for other matters

Elections

324. Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission
325. No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religions, race, caste or sex
326. Elections to the House of the people and to the legislative assemblies of states to be on the basis of adult suffrage
327. Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to legislatures
328. Power of legislature of a state to make provision with respect to elections of such legislature
329. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters
329A. (Repealed)

Special Provisions for SCs, STs, BCs and Anglo-Indians

330. Reservation of seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the House of the people
331. Representation of the anglo-Indian community in the House of the people
332. Representation of seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the legislative assemblies of the states
333. Representaion of anglo-India community in the legislative assemblies of the states
334. Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years
335. Claims of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes to services and posts
336. Special provision for anglo-Indian community in certain services
337. Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of anglo-Indian community
338. National Commission for scheduled castes
338A. National Commission for scheduled tribes
339. Control of the Union over the administration of scheduled areas and the welfare of scheduled tribes
340. Appointment of a commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes
341. Scheduled castes
342. Scheduled tribes

Official Language

343. Official language of the Union
344. Commission and committee of Parliament on official language
345. Official language or languages of a state
346 Official language for communication between one state and another or between a state and the Union.
347. Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a state
348. Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the high courts and for acts, bills, etc.
349. Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language
350. Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances
350A. Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage
350B. Special officer for linguistic minorities
351. Directive for development of the Hindi language

Emergency Provision

352. Proclamation of emergency (national emergency)
353. Effect of proclamation of emergency
354. Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a proclamation of emergency is in operation
355. Duty of the Union to protect states against external aggression and internal disturbance
356. Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in states (President’s rule)
357. Exercise of legislative powers under proclamation issued under article 356
358. Suspension of provisions of Article 19 during emergencies
359. Suspension of the enforcement of fundamental rights during emergencies
359A. (Repeated)
360. Provisions as to financial emergency

Miscellaneous

361. Protection of president and governors and rajpramukhs
361A. Protection of publication of proceeding of Parliament and state legislatures
361B. Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post
362. (Repeated)
363. Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc.
363A. Recognition granted to rulers of Indian states to cease and privy purses to be abolished
364. Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes
365. Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to directions given by the Union (President’s rule)
366. Definations
367. Interpretation

Amendment of the Constitution

368. Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure thereof

Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions

369. Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the state List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List
370. Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir
371. Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat
371A. Special provision with respect to the States of Nagaland
371B. Special provision with respect to the States of Assam
371C. Special provision with respect to the States of Manipur
371D. Special provision with respect to the States of Andhra Pradesh
371E. Establishment of central university in Andhra Pradesh
371F. Special provision with respect to the State of Sikkim
371G. Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram
371H. Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh
371-I. Special provision with respect to the State of Goa
372. Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation
372A. Power of the president to adapt laws
373. Power of president to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases
374. Provision as to judges of the federal court and proceedings pending in the federal court or before His Majesty in council
375. Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution
376. Provisions as to judges of high courts
377. Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor General of India
378. Provisions as to Public Service Commissions
378A. Special provisions as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
379-391. (Repeated)
392. Power of the president to remove difficulties

Short Title, Commencement, Etc.

393. Short title
394. Commencement
394A. Authoritative text in the Hindi language
395. Repeats

Schedules of the Indian Constitution

The constitution of India at the time of adoption had only eight Schedules to which four more have been added during the last fifty years.

1st Schedule: List of the States and Union Territories

2nd Schedule Part ‘A’: Salary and emoluments of the President and Governors of the States

Part ‘B’: Omitted

Part ‘C’: Salary and emoluments of the Speaker/Deputy Speaker or Chairman/Vice Chairman of the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies or Councils.

Part ‘D’: Salary and emoluments of the judge of the Supreme Court and High Courts

Part ‘E’: Salary and emoluments of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India

3rd Schedule: Forms of oath and affirmations of members of legislatures, ministers and judges.

4th Schedule: Allocation of seats to each State and Union Territories in the Rajya Sabha.

5th Schedule: Provision of administration and control of Scheduled Areas.

6th Schedule: Provisions of administration of Tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram

7th Schedule: Distribution of power between the Union and the State Government. (The Union List, State List and Concurrent List)

8th Schedule: Description of 22 languages recognised by the Constitution.

9th Schedule: Acts and rules that are protected by Art. 31 ‘B’ - land reforms.

10th Schedule: Anti-defection Law introduced by 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act.

11th Schedule: 29 subjects over which the Panchayats have jurisdiction (refer 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act).

12th Schedule: 18 subjects over which the Municipalities have jurisdiction (refer 74th Constitutional Amendment Act).

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