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Model Questions for UPSC PRE CSAT PAPER SET - 32

Passage

Some modern anthropologists hold that biological evolution has shaped not only morphology but also human behaviour. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behaviour but one of imposing constraint ways of feeling, thinking and acting that “come naturally in archetypal situations in any culture”. Our ‘frailties’, emotion and motives such as rage, fear, greed, gluttony, joy. lust, love may be a very mixed assortment, but they share at least one immediate quality: we are as we feel, “in the grip” of them and this way they give us our sense of constraints.
Unhappily, some of these frailties shape our need for ever increasing security among them which are presently maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of cultural details, they, too, are said to be biological in direction, and therefore as natural to us as our appendices are. We would need to comprehend thoroughly their adaptive origins in order to understand how badly they snide us now. And we might then begin to resist their pressures.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to present

1. a p osition on the foundation of human behaviour and on what those foundations imply,
2. a theory outlining the parallel development of human morphology and of human behaviour o
3. a practical method for resisting the pressure of biologically determined drives.

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1 and 2

2. The author implies that control over the “frailties’ that constrain our behaviour is thought to presuppose

I. that those frailties are recognized as currently beneficial and adaptive
II. a full understanding of why those frailties evolved and of how they function now.

(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) Both I and II
(d) None of these

3. It can be inferred that in his discussion of maladaptive frailties the author assumes that-

I. evolution does not favour the emergence of adaptive characteristics over the emergence of maladaptive ones.
II. changes in the total human environment can outpace evolutionary change.

(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) Both I and II
(d) None of these

Passage

Social justice evades definition, Still in simple and commonly perceived form social justice may be described as principle which consists in the claims of all men to advantages and an equal share in all advantages which are commonly regarded as desirable and which are in fact conducive to human well being. That is reason why social justice encompasses all the principles of justice e.g. justice of transactions or rectificatory justice by way’ of restitution and compensation; justice of conformity to rules or like shall be treated alike; justice according to deserting one or distributive justice; justice according to need; justice according to choice. Social justice modified and fixes priority among the various principles of justice. A jurist very succinctly summaries the practical shape of contents of social Justice.(1) the principle of social . Justice requires that all men and women should have a to an equal share in all those advantages which commonly desired and conducive to human well being; (2) this principle is not identical with the demand for equal treatment for all men and women, it rather requires preferential treatment of the privileged under who lack advantages possessed by others; (3) the principle allocation according to need is a subordinate aspect of social justice; (4) the principle of conformity to rules is also subordinate aspect of social justice. This principle is designed to secure all men and women two advantages; (i) that their reasonable expectations will be fulfilled and (ii) their dignity is respected; (5) discrimination is justified only. (i) to give effect to the principle stated in the two above; (ii) to benefit the exploited (iii) on the basis of conduct and choice and so far as justice of transactions and special relations require it, (6) it is arguable that, the equal claim principle is the principle likely in the long run to lead to social stability.
Now we will discuss about how we are making a transition from equalitarian justice to equalisationaI justice. Article 46 provides that the state. shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular of the scheduled castes and the scheduled tries, and shall protect them from social injustices and all forms of exploitation. It embodies the concept of ‘distributive justice’ which connotes, inter alia, the removal of economic inequalities and rectifying the injustice resulting from dealing or transactions between unequals in society.
With a view to ensure social justice to its citizens the Constitution enshrines many provisions like Articles 15 (4), 16 (4), 19(l) (d)-(e), 275, 330 and 335. Protective discrimination policy gives concrete shape to the idea of social justice and with a view to ensure its meaningful purpose the Supreme Court has kept the creamy layer out of socially and educationally backward classes.

4. Consider the following statements

l. Principle of social justice supposes that all men and women should be equal stakeholders in all the benefits that accrue to the society.
2. Protective discrimination translates the idea of social justice into reality.

(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1, nor 2

5. Which of the following statements is/ are correct in the light of the passage

(a) Distributive justice presupposes removal of economic inequalities.
(b) Equal claim is the only claim which in the long sun leads to social stability.
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a), nor (b)

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6. Consider the following statement

1. It is easy to define social justice.
2. The role of the state in minimizing economic inequalities is of great importance.
3. Some kind of discrimination which favour the poor is justified.
4. Social justice encompasses all forms of justice.
5. Act 46 speaks about how to redeem social justice.

(a) 2, 3 and 4
(b) l, 2 and 5
(c) 3, 4 and 5
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

7. Which of the following are the subordinate aspects of social justice ?

1 . The principle of allocation
2. The principle of uniformity
3. Preferential treatment of the underprivileged

(a) only 2
(b) only 1
(c) 1 and 2
(d) only 3

8. Why is social justice more important than other forms of justice ?

(a) It prepares grounds for other justice to take place
(b) It does not show any bias.
(c) It is harbinger to other forms of justice.
(d) It has the capacity to modify and fix priorities among the various principles of justice.

Passage

Among the fundamental qualities a citizen of democracy must have is a deep concern for the good life of his fellows. He must have a sense of social responsibility and the will to sink his own immediate interests and the interests of his class in the common good; to do his full share in working for the community.
But, these qualities alone might lead one to be a well-meaning dictator or an unthinking follower. The citizen of democracy must also be a man of independent judgement, he must respect the individualities of others and therefore be tolerant of opinion in conflict with his own; he must prefer methods of discussion and persuasion to methods of force.
The citizen of democracy also needs certain intellectual qualities. It is not enough to love truth, one must learn how to find it. It is easy to teach student to reason correctly in the physical sciences. It is more difficult to reason correctly in the social science where their own prejudices and passions are involved. They must be taught habit of clear thinking in order that they may acquire the power of recognizing their own prejudices and of-discussing political and economic questions with the same calm, with the same desire to understand other person’s position, with the same precision and absence of over statesman that they would bring to the discussion of a problem in mathematics.

9. Which of the following can be inferred from the above passage?

(a) Altruism is the essence of democracy
(b) Reasoned and balanced approach towards a problem are the pillars of democracy
(c) A dispassionate assimilation of ideas and meaningful involvement in the common wellbeing are fundamental qualities of a citizen
(d) All the above

10. Which ‘contrast’ has been presented in the passage?

(a) differential view for self and others
(b) inability to free oneself form prejudices
(c) coexistence of reason with preoccupation
(d) none of these