THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 21 JANUARY 2019 (Taxed through trade policies, farmers need stable income policy The Indian Express)

Taxed through trade policies, farmers need stable income policy (The Indian Express)

Mains Paper 4: Economy
Prelims level: MSP, AASHA scheme
Mains level: Agriculture related issues

Context

•  The Narendra Modi government is entering its proverbial “last 10 overs”.
•  All the stops are being pulled to win over targeted segments of society that could potentially bring the BJP/NDA back to office.

Analysing the segments

•  One important segment, perhaps the largest one, is that of farmers.
•  The attempt to woo them by announcing higher minimum support prices (MSPs) based on 50 per cent margin over paid out costs plus imputed value of family labour fallen flat on its face as market prices of most of those commodities remain 20 to 30 per cent below MSPs.
•  Procurement by government agencies has been limited, as they already have overflowing stocks that they cannot offload without incurring massive losses.
•  The meagre budgetary provisions under the PM’s AASHA scheme to lift market prices have, therefore, failed to erase farmers’ nirasha (gloom).
•  The MSP policy cannot reach more than 20 per cent of peasantry even with augmented procurement of pulses and oilseeds, and, therefore, cannot be a solution to farmers’ distress.
•  One of the key findings of a mega ICRIER-OECD study on agricultural policies in India (2018), which I co-lead with Carmel Cahill for more than two years, is that the producer support estimate (PSE) for India was minus (-) 14 per cent of gross farm receipts, on an average for the years 2000-01 to 2016-17.
•  The loan waiver, which the Congress president is promising, will also not benefit more than 30 per cent of the peasantry, who have access to institutional credit.
•  The bill from loan waivers announced by some state governments is touching about Rs 1.8 trillion (lakh crore).
•  The policy of zero-interest on loans too is riddled with loopholes, leading to massive diversion of funds out of agriculture.

Various schemes launched by state governments

•  Many state governments are trying to innovate with new ways of reaching the largest number of farmers.
•  Telangana’s Rythu Bandhu scheme, which gives Rs 4,000/acre to land-owning farmers for two seasons in a year, is costing the state exchequer roughly Rs 12,000 crore per annum.
•  It appears to have reached more than 90 per cent farmers, and yielded political dividends.
•  Many experts have criticised it, saying that it is pro-big farmers and neglects tenants.
•  The KALIA (Krushak Assistance for Livelihood and Income Augmentation) scheme of Odisha attempts to respond to this criticism and accordingly promises to include not only land-owning farmers (up to 5 acres) but also tenants and agri-labourers.
•  While land-owning small and marginal farmers, 30.17 lakh in number, accounting for 92 per cent of farming households in Odisha, will get Rs 5,000/family for five seasons, the tenants and agri-labourers (estimated to be 10 lakh in number) who have no land records will get one-time payment of Rs 12,500/family, and vulnerable families (another 10 lakh) will get one time payment of Rs 10,000/family.
•  With some support for life insurance and interest-free loans up to Rs 50,000, the scheme is likely to cost about Rs 10,180 crore over three years.
•  There is the major challenge of identifying who is a tenant and who is an agri-labourer, as tenancy is not legally allowed in Odisha.
•  So, no legal records exist. Only time will tell how efficiently this identification is done.
•  It is just a one-time payment for them, it will have only a limited impact.
•  Efforts are on to ensure that first payment is made in January 2019 itself.

Implications of these schemes

•  It is important to track and evaluate the performance of these two schemes (Rythu Bandhu and KALIA) as they have not only important budgetary implications but are also a pointer towards a new policy innovation.
•  West Bengal and Jharkhand are also moving in this direction, and media reports suggest that Centre too is contemplating a variant of a similar scheme.
•  If it does so, it would indicate a tectonic shift in policy from promising higher MSPs or loan waivers to direct income/investment support to farmers.
•  This shift will be better for the country as it is more predictable and less market distorting.

Way forward

•  If one calculates the sum involved in this “implicit taxation”, it amounts to Rs 2.65 trillion (lakh crore) per annum, at 2017-18 prices, for 2000-01 to 2016-17.
•  Cumulatively for 17 years, this comes to roughly Rs 45 trillion at 2017-18 prices.
•  No country in the world has taxed its farmers so heavily during this period.
•  This is nothing short of plundering of farmers’ incomes.
•  Until India reforms its agri-marketing laws and frees agri-markets, it is time to atone through a structured and stable income policy for farmers for at least the next five years.
•  It may be worth noting that the PSE methodology is a standard one that OECD adopts for 52 major countries that produce more than three-fourths of the global agri-output.
•  These numbers have gone through a rigorous review by OECD members and others at a global level and are now in the public domain.

Online Coaching for UPSC PRE Exam

General Studies Pre. Cum Mains Study Materials

Prelims Questions:

Q.1) In which of the following trade blocs, is India an associate member
a) ASEAN
b) SAFTA
c) OECD
d) OPEC

Answer: B

Mains Questions:
Q.1) Macroeconomists and investors, however, are worried about how much this will cost. Will it be fiscally sustainable?