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(IGP) IAS Pre: GS - Geography - World Geography General: Antarctica

World Geography General
Antarctica

Area : 1,40,00,000 sq. km

Population : Uninhabited

Size : Fifth largest continent.

Situation : Antartica, centred on the South Pole, is situated 960 km from South America, 2,700 km from Australia and 4,000 km from South Africa. It is surrounded by Southern or Antarctic Ocea, formed the southern waters of Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Ocean.

Shape : Except for the deep indentations of the Ross and Weddell Seas and the projecting peninsula, the continent is roughly circular in shape.

Climate : World’s coldest continent and remains covered with very thick layer of ice, therefore, known as ‘white continent’. Precipitation, in the form of snow (equal to 5 cm of rain) making Antarctica, one of the earth’s great desert.

The Land : Antarctic Continent is the highest of all the continents, averaging 6000 feet in elevation. Ice sheet covers 95% of Antarctica, and exposed areas are rugges and mountainous. The principal mountain chain is Trans Antarctic which divides the continent in almost two equal parts. Ellsworth Mountain, fringing the coast, contains Antarctica’s highest peak, the Vinson Massif (5,140m). Mt. Erebus, the only active volcano, is located on the Ross Island.

Some Notable Facts

The only continent with no permanent population.
It is linked to Tierra del Feugo by the submarine Scotia Ridge.
It is a great scientific laboratory hence also called ‘continent for science’.
Three are valuable minerals like iron, copper, coal, petroleum in Antarctica but high costa involved makes exploitation of these resources uneconomic.
Expedited by many, and first expedition by India in 1981-82 near Queen Maud region of Antarctica, and named it as Dakshin Gangotri (Mount Indira).
Other countries have hase camps to carry out research throughout the year.
South Magnetic Pole is located to the southeast of Greater Antarctica in the Indian Ocean.
World’s largest glacier—Lambert is located here.
The sheer weight of the ice has warped the continent downward so that much of the land of Antarctica lies below sea level.
In 1985 at the South Polar Region an alarming discovery was made by British Antarctic Survey. An ozone hole (formed due to ozone depletion) was found over the polar atmosphere.

Arctic Ocean Region

It includes the Arctic Ocean and the North Polar Seas.

Arctic Ocean North Polar Seas
Area : 12.9 million sq. km Area : 14.8 million sq. km.

Lands adjacent to the Arctic Ocean belong to Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Norway and CIS.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGION

Stationary polar ice. Olar ice is about 3 m thick and is located directly over the North Pole.
Strong winds, high atmospheric pressure prevails.
Absence of vegetation (only mosses and lichens at very few places may be found).
The coldest place in the northern hemisphere is not the North Pole (because of moderating influence of Arctic Ocean) but 2,414 km south for North Pole (Siberian town of Verkhoyansk).
Polar Bear is the best known animal in the Arctic Region.
Huge Alaskan oil reserves is the most important resources of the region.
The Arctic fringe and offshore islands are part of CIS territory and it is a very sensitive are with aircraft and missile detection devices. Now the region is becoming new home for many Russian scientists.