(IGP) IAS Pre: GS - Indian History - Modern Indian History: Development of Civil Services

1. Warren Hastings made first attempt to separate Administrative & Commercial branches. He appointed European collectors & created nucleus of Civil Services.
2. Systematisation of Civil Services.
   • Cornawalis consolidated and systematized civil services.
   • He Europeanised Civil Services.
   • He fixed salary for collectors Rs. 1500 per mensem.
3. Move towards training institutes.
   • Fort William College in 1800 by Wellesely.
   • East India College at Hailisbury in 1806 to provide training for two years.
4. Charter Act of 1833 introduced indea of competition.
   • This was nomination cum competition.
5. Through Charter Act of 1853 Nomination was replaced by Competition.
   • A committee underMacualy was constituted.
   • Aim was to establish regulations regardin age qualification, subjects etc.
6. New at Indian Civil Services Act 1861 was passed and now it was known as I.C. Ss.
7. First Indian to enter was Civil Services S.N. Tagore in 1863-64.
   b. Till 1871 three Indians selected.
   i. S.N. Baneji, (who ws removed from services for technical reasons).
   ii. R.C. Dutt
   iii. Bihari Lal Gupta
   All the three from Bengal.
8. Age limit in Civil Service Examwas 22 in 1859 then 21 in 1866, lowered to 19 by Lytton in 1877 raised to 2 in 1982.
9. Scholarship scheme introduced in 1968 to give govt. assistance to talented Indians for taking Exam.

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DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL SERVICES

1. Statutory Civil Service introduced in 1878-79 by Lytton.
   • Under this 1/6th of the total vacancies to be nominated from high status Indian families.
   • Members of this siervice had lower status & lower status & lower salary.
   • This became subject to criticism.
   • Aithchison Commission 1886 on Civil Services to recommended for its abolition.
   • Finally it was abolished in 1887-88.
2. Aitchision Commission, 1886 under Lieutenant Governor (Aitchison) of Punjab by Lord Dufferin Recommendations-
   • Statutory Service to be abolished.
   • Examination to be held in Britian only
   • Recommendations for strengthening of Provincial Services.
3. Islington Commission, 1912 by Lord Harding.
   • It rejected demand for simulatenous exam in London & India.
4. Nationalist demand for Indiansation of Services.
   • Pressure of British Govt. & simultaneous exam began in 1922.
5. Lee Commission in 1924 by Lord Rading.
   b. Recommendations
   (i) Establishment of Public Commission.
   (ii) Increase in Salary.
   (iii) Pensions for existing British I.C.S. Officers.
6. Public Service Commission established at Centre in 1926.
7. Act of 1935 provided for Federal Public Service Commission & Provincial Public Service Commmission.

Development of Judicuary

1. a. Firstattemp by Warren hastings to rerganize judicial syste.
   b. He created Diwani Adalat & Fauzdari Adalat at district level.
   c. He created Sadar Divani Adalat & Sadar Nijamat Adalat at Kolkata.
   d. He attempted to codify both Hindu &Muslim Law.
   e. In 1776 Code of Gentoo Law was prepared - this was translation of Manusmriti.
   f. Digest of Hidnu Law prepared by William Jones & Colebrook in 1791.
   g. He attempted to translate Fatwa-i-Alamgiri.
2. Carnawallis formulated a Code in 1793 called Cornawalis Code which was a elaborate Code of Regulations and which separated judiciary and executive.
3. Establishment of Supreme Court in 1774 at Kolkata. Then Supreme Court was established at Mumbai in 1800 & at Mumbai in 1823. First Chief justice of Kolkata Supreme Court was Impey.
4. a. Charter Act of 1833 provided the basis of constitution of Law Commission.
   b. First Law Commission under Macauley by Bentick. It prepared I.P.C.
5. a. Indian High Court Act passed in 1861.
   b. High Courts were established at Kolkata, Mumbai & Chennai in 1865.
6. a. Act of 1935 had provision for creation of Federal Court.
   b. It was established in 1937 with one Chief Justice of Supreme Court (First C.J. of India).
7. a. Racial discrimination was present in system of Law.
   b. European British subject were under Supreme Court alone alone till 1836.
   c. This distinction & privilege was abolished in civil matters in 1835.
   d. Privilege in criminal matters remained in principle. They could be tried by European Judges & Magistrates only.
   e. Ripon tried to abolish it in 1882-83. f. C.P. Ilbert prepared a bill for this. They was a strong opposition and a compromise was struck.
   g. According to it they would be tried by Jury of which not less than halfmembers would be Europans or Americans.

Development of Finance

1. Financial centralization & creation of single fund in the hands of govt. of India. i.e. Revenue of India as a single fund.
2. Richard Stratechy was first to make definite proposals for reform of financial system in 1867.
3. a. Mayo’s resolution in 1870 was first step towards financial decentralization.
   b. He fixed sum out of revenue of India to be given to provinces for administration for certain services like police, education, roads, Health, Prison.
4. a. Next important move was Lytton’s Resolution 1877.
   b. In this Mayo’s scheme was enlarged.
   c. Management of certain depts. transferred to provinces.
   (i) Land Revenue, (ii) Excise, (iii) General Administration
   d. Lytton handed over a part of revenue from these specific dept. to provinces.
5. a. Systemwas strengthen by Ripon’s resolution 1882.
   b. He abolished system to fixed grants which were to be at the disposal of states.
   c. He introduced new system- provinces to get entire income from certain sources of revenue.
   d. Provinces were to get fixed share of income from other sources as well.
6. This was made quasi-permanent by Curzon in 1904.
7. Royal Commission on decentralization was constituted in 1907.
8. This system was made permanent in 1912 by Lord Harding.

Development of Local Self Government

1. Beginning in Presidency towns even before the Act of 1858.
2. in 1864 a new policy was initiated under which there was provision for local self govt. This was introduced by John Lawrence. The aim was basically to cope with financial crisis.
3. Other important development in 1870 by Lord Mayo through his fiancnail Resolution-this resolution strengthen Municipal institutions.
4. Municipal Corporations established between 1872 to 1878 in Presidency towns.
5. Most important constribution by Ripon.
   • Ripon’s resolution was in 1882.
   • He focused upon principle of election & end of control fromoutside.
   • Greatest contribution was creation of Sub- Divisional Boards Taluk Boards & District Boards.
6. Lord Morlye, secretary of state too showed positive attitude towards local self govt.
7. Under Act of 1919, local self got. became a transferred subject but Indian Ministers failed to do a lot for it.
8. Institution of Local Self Government remained weak Institution & remained basically a presidency afair.

Important Committees & Commissioners

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