(Syllabus) Punjab PSC (Main): Combined State Civil Services Exam - Anthropology
Punjab Public Service Commission
SYLLABI FOR THE EXAMINATION PART-B MAIN EXAM
ANTHROPOLOGY
PART-I
1.1 Meaning, scope and development of Anthropology.
1.2 Relationships with other disciplines : Social Sciences, Behavioural
Sciences, Life
Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sciences and Humanities.
1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance :
(a) Social- cultural Anthropology.
(b) Biological Anthropology.
(c) Archaeological Anthropology.
(d) Linguistic Anthropology.
1.4 Human Evolution and emergence of Man :
(a) Biological and Cultural factors in human evolution.
(b) Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and
Post-Darwinian).
(c) Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief outline of terms and concepts
of evolutionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s rule, Gause’s rule,
parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, and mosaic evolution)..
1.5 Characteristics of Primates; Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy;
Primate
Adaptations; (Arboreal and Terrestrial) Primate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour;
Tertiary
and Quaternary fossil primates; Living Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy of
Man and
Apes; Skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications.
1.6 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and geographical distribution of the
following :
(a) Plio-pleistocene hominids in South and East Africa—Australopithecines.
(b) Homo erectus : Africa (Paranthropus), Europe (Homo erectus heidelbergensis),
Asia
(Homo erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis).
(c) Neanderthal Man- La-Chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel
(Progressive
type).
(d) Rhodesian man.
(e) Homo sapiens — Cromagnon, Grimaldi and Chancelede.
1.7 The biological basis of life : The Cell, DNA structure and replication,
Protein Synthesis,
Gene, Mutation, Chromosomes, and Cell Division.
1.8 (a) Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology. Chronology : Relative and
Absolute Dating methods.
(b) Cultural Evolution—Broad Outlines of Prehistoric cultures:
(i) Paleolithic
(ii) Mesolithic
(iii) Neolithic
(iv) Chalcolithic
(v) Copper-Bronze Age
(vi) Iron Age
2.1 The Nature of Culture :
The concept and characteristics of culture and
civilization;
Ethnocentrism vis-à-vis cultural Relativism.
2.2 The Nature of Society: Concept of Society; Society and Culture; Social
Institutions; Social
groups; and Social stratification.
2.3 Marriage : Definition and universality; Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy,
hypergamy,
hypogamy, incest taboo); Types of marriage (monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, group
marriage). Functions of marriage; Marriage regulations (preferential,
prescriptive and
proscriptive); Marriage payments (bride wealth and dowry).
2.4 Family : Definition and universality; Family, household and domestic groups;
functions of
family; Types of family (from the perspectives of structure, blood relation,
marriage,
residence and succession); Impact of urbanization, industrialization and
feminist
movements on family.
2.5 Kinship : Consanguinity and Affinity; Principles and types of descent (Unilineal,
Double,
Bilateral, Ambilineal); Forms of descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moiety
and
kindred); Kinship terminology (descriptive and classificatory); Descent,
Filiation and
Complimentary Filiation; Descent and Alliance.
3. Economic organization :
Meaning, scope and relevance of economic
anthropology; Formalist
and Substantivist debate; Principles governing production, distribution and
exchange
(reciprocity, redistribution and market), in communities, subsisting on hunting
and
gathering, fishing, swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture;
globalization and
indigenous economic systems.
4. Political organization and Social Control :
Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom
and state; concepts
of power, authority and legitimacy; social control, law and justice in simple
societies.
5. Religion:
Anthropological approaches to the study of religion (evolutionary,
psychological and
functional); monotheism and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths and rituals;
forms of
religion in tribal and peasant societies (animism, animatism, fetishism,
naturism and
totemism); religion, magic and science distinguished; magico- religious
functionaries
(priest, shaman, medicine man, sorcerer and witch).
6. Anthropological theories :
(a) Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan and Frazer)
(b) Historical particularism (Boas); Diffusionism (British, German and American)
(c) Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural-functionlism (Radcliffe-Brown)
(d) Structuralism (L’evi - Strauss and E. Leach)
(e) Culture and personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora - du
Bois).
(f) Neo - evolutionism (Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins and Service)
(g) Cultural materialism (Harris)
(h) Symbolic and interpretive theories (Turner, Schneider and Geertz)
(i) Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin)
(j) Post- modernism in anthropology
7. Culture, language and communication :
Nature, origin and characteristics of
language; verbal
and non-verbal communication; social context of language use.
8. Research methods in anthropology :
(a) Fieldwork tradition in anthropology
(b) Distinction between technique, method and methodology
(c) Tools of data collection : observation, interview, schedules, questionnaire,
Case study,
genealogy, life-history, oral history, secondary sources of information,
participatory
methods.
(d) Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.
9.1 Human Genetics
Methods and Application : Methods for study of genetic
principles in
man-family study (pedigree analysis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method,
cytogenetic
method, chromosomal and karyo-type analysis), biochemical methods, immunological
methods, D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies.
9.2 Mendelian genetics in man-family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal,
sub-lethal and
polygenic inheritance in man.
9.3 Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population,
Hardy-Weinberg law;
causes and changes which bring down frequency–mutation, isolation, migration,
selection,
inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous mating,
genetic load,
genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages.
9.4 Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology.
(a) Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders).
(b) Sex chromosomal aberrations – Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super female
(XXX), intersex and other syndromic disorders.
(c) Autosomal aberrations – Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat
syndromes.
(d) Genetic imprints in human disease, genetic screening, genetic counseling,
human
DNA profiling, gene mapping and genome study.
9.5 Race and racism, biological basis of morphological variation of non-metric
and metric
characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and
environment; biological
basis of racial classification, racial differentiation and race crossing in man.
9.6 Age, sex and population variation as genetic marker—ABO, Rh blood groups,
HLA Hp,
transferring, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics-Hb level, body
fat, pulse rate,
respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and
socio-economic
groups.
9.7 Concepts and methods of Ecological Anthropology. Bio-cultural
Adaptations—Genetic and
Non- genetic factors. Man’s physiological responses to environmental stresses:
hot desert,
cold, high altitude climate.
9.8 Epidemiological Anthropology : Health and disease. Infectious and
non-infectious diseases.
Nutritional deficiency related diseases.
10. Concept of human growth and development :
Stages of growth—pre-natal, natal,
infant,
childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence.Factors affecting growth and development genetic, environmental, biochemical,
nutritional,
cultural and socio-economic. Ageing and senescence. Theories and observations—biological and chronological
longevity.
Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.
11.1 Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility.
Fertility patterns and
differentials.
11.2 Demographic theories—biological, social and cultural.
11.3 Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility,
natality and
mortality.
12. Applications of Anthropology:
Anthropology of sports, Nutritional
anthropology,
Anthropology in designing of defence and other equipments, Forensic
Anthropology,
Methods and principles of personal identification and reconstruction, Applied
human
genetics – Paternity diagnosis, genetic counseling and eugenics, DNA technology
in
diseases and medicine, serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology.
PAPER – II
1.1 Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization:
Prehistoric (Palaeolithic,
Mesolithic
Neolithic and Neolithic-Chalcolithic). Protohistoric (Indus Civilization) : Pre-Harappan,
Harappan and post-Harappan cultures. Contributions of tribal cultures to Indian
civilization.
1.2 Palaeo – anthropological evidences from India with special reference to
Siwaliks and
Narmada basin (Ramapithecus, Sivapithecus and Narmada Man).
1.3 Ethno-archaeology in India : The concept of ethno-archaeology; Survivals and
Parallels
among the hunting, foraging, fishing, pastoral and peasant communities including
arts and
crafts producing communities.
2. Demographic profile of India
Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian
population and
their distribution. Indian population—factors influencing its structure and
growth.
3.1 The structure and nature of traditional Indian social system
Varnashram,
Purushartha,
Karma, Rina and Rebirth.
3.2 Caste system in India—structure and characteristics, Varna and caste,
Theories of origin of
caste system, Dominant caste, Caste mobility, Future of caste system, Jajmani
system,
Tribe—caste continuum.
3.3 Sacred Complex and Nature-Man—Spirit Complex.
3.4 Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity on Indian society.
4. Emergence and growth of anthropology in India:
Contributions of the 18th, 19th
and
early 20th Century scholar-administrators. Contributions of Indian
anthropologists totribal and caste studies.
5.1 Indian Village :—Significance of village study in India; Indian village as a
social system;
Traditional and changing patterns of settlement and inter-caste relations;
Agrarian relations
in Indian villages; Impact of globalization on Indian villages.
5.2 Linguistic and religious minorities and their social, political and economic
status.
5.3 Indigenous and exogenous processes of socio-cultural change in Indian
society :—
Sanskritization, Westernization, Modernization; Inter-play of little and great
traditions;
Panchayati raj and social change; Media and social change.
6.1 Tribal situation in India:
Bio-genetic variability, linguistic and
socio-economic
characteristics of tribal populations and their distribution.
6.2 Problems of the tribal Communities—land alienation, poverty, indebtedness,
low literacy,
poor educational facilities, unemployment, underemployment, health and
nutrition.
6.3 Developmental projects and their impact on tribal displacement and problems
of
rehabilitation. Development of forest policy and tribals. Impact of urbanization
and
industrialization on tribal populations.
7.1 Problems of exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Tribes and Other
Backward Classes. Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled
Castes.
7.2 Social change and contemporary tribal societies—Impact of modern democratic
institutions,
development programmes and welfare measures on tribals and weaker sections.
7.3 The concept of ethnicity; Ethnic conflicts and political developments;
Unrest among tribal
communities; Regionalism and demand for autonomy; Pseudo-tribalism; Social
change
among the tribes during colonial and post-Independent India.
8.1 Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and other religions on
tribal societies.
8.2 Tribe and nation state — a comparative study of tribal communities in India
and other
countries.
9.1 History of administration of tribal areas, tribal policies, plans,
programmes of tribal
development and their implementation. The concept of PTGs (Primitive Tribal
Groups),
their distribution, special programmes for their development. Role of N.G.Os in
tribal
development.
9.2 Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development.
9.3 Contributions of anthropology to the understanding of regionalism,
communalism, and
ethnic and political movements.