[TIPS] GEOGRAPHY TIPS : by J.Kumaragurubaran I.A.S.

::: GEOGRAPHY TIPS :::
Prepared by J.Kumaragurubaran I.A.S.

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Geomorphology
BOOKS; 
Physical Geography � Savindra Singh
Physical Geography �Majid Hussain
(Diagrams are important)



ORIGIN OF EARTH:

Theory; Classification

a) Hot Origin/Cold Origin

b) Monistic/Dualistic /Binary Star/Trihybrid

Theory Name � Profounder Name �Match List

Basic Concept of Theories

Profounder �s Quotation if any


GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE
Terms _ Era. Epoch., Period

Chronological order of Era, Epoch, Period

Important events in each Era, Period, Epoch, like 

a) Mountain Building 

b) Species Formation MATCH LIST

c) Resources Development Coal, Oil, Etc.



INTERIOR OF THE EARTH;

. Layers like Crust, Mantle, Core, Aesthenosphere-DIAGRAMS

Properties of layer 1) State 2) Density 3) Temp 4) Volume 5) Mass 6) Pressure

Discontinuties of Different Layers _ Physical Geography by Tikka�Match List

SEISMIC WAVES-P/S/L/WAVES, SHADOW ZONE, LOW VELOCITY ZONE



ROCKS; 

Minerals---Order of elements in Earth Crust

Types of Rocks: 1) Igneous 2) Sedimentary 3) Metamorphic
Properties of Rocks 1) Colour 2) Density 3) Acid/Basic Lava 4) Various Sizes of Grains

Intrusive/Extrusive (A/R)

Example for different rocks
Intrusive Landforms : Laccolith }
Batholith } Match Diagrammes
Phacolith }
Lopolith }

Dyke, Sill}


Fold/Fault: Chart in Savindra Singh

Dip., Strike

Types of Fold, Fault (A/R, Match List)

Diagrams

Volcano: 

Types and Examples (Match)

Volcanic Materials

Acid/Basic Lava (A/R)

Magma

World Distribution of Volcanoes

Plate Tectonics and Volcano (A/R)



Earth Quake: Mechanisms

Theories Related

Scales ~ Richter, Mercalli (Difference)

Earthquake and Plate Tectonics

Tsunamis

World Distribution of Earth quakes (Combination)


Weathering: Physical, Chemical, Biotic (A/R)
Mass Movement ~ Diagrams in Majid Hussain

Landforms: Fluvial ]

Aeolian ]

Glacial ] Agents of Denudation

Coastal ]

Karst ] 

Stages : Young, Mature, Old

Process: Erosion, Transportation, Deposition 

(Landforms � agents) Match the following, Diagrams.



CLIMATOLOGY;

Structure and composition of Atmosphere

1) Ordering of layers 2) Composition of Elements in Atmosphere ~ Order

3) Functions of each Layer (Match)

4) Classification based on composition (Homosphers, Heterosphere)



TEMPERATURE

~ Heating and Cooling of Atmosphere

~ Methods of Heating

~ Wavelengh ~ Short, Long (A/R)

~ Horizontal Distribution/Factors (A/R)

~ Vertical Distribution/Factors (A/R)

~ Inversion of Temprature (Concept)

Isanomalous Temp

- Albedo (Order of Albedo)

- 

AIR PRESSURE/WINDS;

Pressure Belt � Types

Coriolis Force

Geostrophic Winds

Ferrel Law, Buy Ballot Law

Easterlies, Westerlies, Polar Winds

Wind Belt Shift/Mediterranean Climate

Tricellular Circulation

Hadley/Ferrel/Polar Cell

Monsoon-Origin, Theories, El Nino, Southern Oscillation etc,.

Jetstream Types and Impacts

Local Winds � Name

- - Region Affected

- - Ill Effects
HUMIDITY;- 

Definition of Humidity

- Absolute Humidity

- Relative Humidity (A/R)

- Specific Humidity

- Condensation/Dew Point

- Adiabatic Heating/Cooling

- Stability/Instability/(a/r)

- Fog

- Clouds � Types

- Ascending/Descending Order

- Rainfall � Types

- - Convection//Frontal (or) Cyclonic/Orographic

- Airmass � Define

- Properties (Warm, Cold)

- Areas affected by them.

FRONTS;

Define

Frontogenesis

Warm/Cold /Stationary/Occluded Fronts / and Associated Weather, Cloud, Rainfall, Airflow Pressure In each Front

CYCLONE:
Types Tropical/Temperate Cyclones

Origin of Cyclones

Characteristics

Differences Betn Them

Area affected by them

Local Names to them like Typhoon, Hurricane



MAJOR CLIMATIC TYPES

Climates of world in Certificate Physical Geography by Goh Cheng Leong


OCEANOGRAPHY;- 

OCEAN RELIEF: Continental Shelf Extent

Continental Slope Slope

Deep Sea Plain Geographical Importance etc of each

Trenches � Location in Map 

Hypsometric/Hypsographic Curve

Miscellaneous � NCERT + 1 Old Book

Land Forms



TEMPERATURE 

Daily Range

Annual Range A/R

Distribution Horizontal/Vertical


SALINITY 
Unit PPT (Parts per thousand)

Composition of Seawater Order

Controlling Factors A/R

Distribution Horizontal/Vertical



OCEAN DEPOSITS

Types and Classification

Mode of Formation

Distribution

Area Occupied by Deposits in Oceans - Ascending Order



OCEAN CURRENTS;

Current/Stream/Drift

Factors Causing Currents

Currents of Atlantic, Pacific, Indian

Effects of Currents

Diagrammes

EL NINO, LA NINO

Narmadeshwar Prasad Guide Section 21 0f Physical Geography


WAVES AND TIDES 

Definition, Differences

Tide Origin � Factors

Duration/Interval

Types - Spring, Neap, Tropical and Equatorial,

Apogean, Perigean

Concepts of Syzygy

Conjuction

Opposition

Quadrature

New Moon, Full Moon

Theory Name and Profounder



BIOGEOGRAPHY; 

Soil - Pedogenesis/Soil Genesis

Soil Profile

Types of Soil � Majid Hussain

Major Biomes � Certificate Geography By

Goh Cheng Leong

Terms In Pedogenesis (Leaching, Eluviation, Illuviation, Chelluviation)

Ecosystem � Define

Technical Terms

Ecological Niche

Climax

Succession etc,.

Terrestrial, Aquatic (Marine/Pond) Ecosystem

Food Chain- Types and Examples

Food Web �Diagram

Ecological Pyramid, Tropic Efficiency, Tropic Level