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[TIPS] GEOGRAPHY TIPS : by J.Kumaragurubaran I.A.S.
::: GEOGRAPHY TIPS
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Prepared by J.Kumaragurubaran I.A.S.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Geomorphology
BOOKS;
Physical Geography � Savindra Singh
Physical Geography �Majid Hussain
(Diagrams are important)
ORIGIN OF EARTH:
Theory; Classification
a) Hot Origin/Cold Origin
b) Monistic/Dualistic /Binary Star/Trihybrid
Theory Name � Profounder Name �Match List
Basic Concept of Theories
Profounder �s Quotation if any
GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE
Terms _ Era. Epoch., Period
Chronological order of Era, Epoch, Period
Important events in each Era, Period, Epoch, like
a) Mountain Building
b) Species Formation MATCH LIST
c) Resources Development Coal, Oil, Etc.
INTERIOR OF THE EARTH;
. Layers like Crust, Mantle, Core, Aesthenosphere-DIAGRAMS
Properties of layer 1) State 2) Density 3) Temp 4) Volume 5) Mass 6) Pressure
Discontinuties of Different Layers _ Physical Geography by Tikka�Match List
SEISMIC WAVES-P/S/L/WAVES, SHADOW ZONE, LOW VELOCITY ZONE
ROCKS;
Minerals---Order of elements in Earth Crust
Types of Rocks: 1) Igneous 2) Sedimentary 3) Metamorphic
Properties of Rocks 1) Colour 2) Density 3) Acid/Basic Lava 4) Various Sizes of Grains
Intrusive/Extrusive (A/R)
Example for different rocks
Intrusive Landforms : Laccolith }
Batholith } Match Diagrammes
Phacolith }
Lopolith }
Dyke, Sill}
Fold/Fault: Chart in Savindra Singh
Dip., Strike
Types of Fold, Fault (A/R, Match List)
Diagrams
Volcano:
Types and Examples (Match)
Volcanic Materials
Acid/Basic Lava (A/R)
Magma
World Distribution of Volcanoes
Plate Tectonics and Volcano (A/R)
Earth Quake: Mechanisms
Theories Related
Scales ~ Richter, Mercalli (Difference)
Earthquake and Plate Tectonics
Tsunamis
World Distribution of Earth quakes (Combination)
Weathering: Physical, Chemical, Biotic (A/R)
Mass Movement ~ Diagrams in Majid Hussain
Landforms: Fluvial ]
Aeolian ]
Glacial ] Agents of Denudation
Coastal ]
Karst ]
Stages : Young, Mature, Old
Process: Erosion, Transportation, Deposition
(Landforms � agents) Match the following, Diagrams.
CLIMATOLOGY;
Structure and composition of Atmosphere
1) Ordering of layers 2) Composition of Elements in Atmosphere ~ Order
3) Functions of each Layer (Match)
4) Classification based on composition (Homosphers, Heterosphere)
TEMPERATURE
~ Heating and Cooling of Atmosphere
~ Methods of Heating
~ Wavelengh ~ Short, Long (A/R)
~ Horizontal Distribution/Factors (A/R)
~ Vertical Distribution/Factors (A/R)
~ Inversion of Temprature (Concept)
Isanomalous Temp
- Albedo (Order of Albedo)
-
AIR PRESSURE/WINDS;
Pressure Belt � Types
Coriolis Force
Geostrophic Winds
Ferrel Law, Buy Ballot Law
Easterlies, Westerlies, Polar Winds
Wind Belt Shift/Mediterranean Climate
Tricellular Circulation
Hadley/Ferrel/Polar Cell
Monsoon-Origin, Theories, El Nino, Southern Oscillation etc,.
Jetstream Types and Impacts
Local Winds � Name
- - Region Affected
- - Ill Effects
HUMIDITY;-
Definition of Humidity
- Absolute Humidity
- Relative Humidity (A/R)
- Specific Humidity
- Condensation/Dew Point
- Adiabatic Heating/Cooling
- Stability/Instability/(a/r)
- Fog
- Clouds � Types
- Ascending/Descending Order
- Rainfall � Types
- - Convection//Frontal (or) Cyclonic/Orographic
- Airmass � Define
- Properties (Warm, Cold)
- Areas affected by them.
FRONTS;
Define
Frontogenesis
Warm/Cold /Stationary/Occluded Fronts / and Associated Weather, Cloud, Rainfall, Airflow Pressure In each Front
CYCLONE:
Types Tropical/Temperate Cyclones
Origin of Cyclones
Characteristics
Differences Betn Them
Area affected by them
Local Names to them like Typhoon, Hurricane
MAJOR CLIMATIC TYPES
Climates of world in Certificate Physical Geography by Goh Cheng Leong
OCEANOGRAPHY;-
OCEAN RELIEF: Continental Shelf Extent
Continental Slope Slope
Deep Sea Plain Geographical Importance etc of each
Trenches � Location in Map
Hypsometric/Hypsographic Curve
Miscellaneous � NCERT + 1 Old Book
Land Forms
TEMPERATURE
Daily Range
Annual Range A/R
Distribution Horizontal/Vertical
SALINITY
Unit PPT (Parts per thousand)
Composition of Seawater Order
Controlling Factors A/R
Distribution Horizontal/Vertical
OCEAN DEPOSITS
Types and Classification
Mode of Formation
Distribution
Area Occupied by Deposits in Oceans - Ascending Order
OCEAN CURRENTS;
Current/Stream/Drift
Factors Causing Currents
Currents of Atlantic, Pacific, Indian
Effects of Currents
Diagrammes
EL NINO, LA NINO
Narmadeshwar Prasad Guide Section 21 0f Physical Geography
WAVES AND TIDES
Definition, Differences
Tide Origin � Factors
Duration/Interval
Types - Spring, Neap, Tropical and Equatorial,
Apogean, Perigean
Concepts of Syzygy
Conjuction
Opposition
Quadrature
New Moon, Full Moon
Theory Name and Profounder
BIOGEOGRAPHY;
Soil - Pedogenesis/Soil Genesis
Soil Profile
Types of Soil � Majid Hussain
Major Biomes � Certificate Geography By
Goh Cheng Leong
Terms In Pedogenesis (Leaching, Eluviation, Illuviation, Chelluviation)
Ecosystem � Define
Technical Terms
Ecological Niche
Climax
Succession etc,.
Terrestrial, Aquatic (Marine/Pond) Ecosystem
Food Chain- Types and Examples
Food Web �Diagram
Ecological Pyramid, Tropic Efficiency, Tropic Level