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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 17 December 2019 (Disha Bill (Indian Express))

Disha Bill (Indian Express)

Mains Paper 2: Polity
Prelims level: Disha Bill
Mains level: Provision highlights of the bill

Context:

  • The Andhra Pradesh Disha Bill, 2019 provides for awarding death sentence for offences of rape and gang rape and expediting verdict in trials of such cases within 21 days.
  • The AP Disha Act prescribes life imprisonment for sexual offences against children and includes Section 354 F and 354 G in IPC.

Who is Disha?

  • Disha is the name given to a veterinarian who was raped and murdered in Hyderabad on November 27.
  • She was allegedly abducted by four men who offered to help her fix her bike’s flat tyre.
  • The body of the woman was found burnt around 30 km away at an underpass near Shadnagar on the NH-44. Inquiries revealed that the four planned the abduction by puncturing her bike’s tyre.

Background:

  • The four accused were arrested amid widespread protests across the nation seeking justice for the victim. On the morning of December 6, the Cyberabad police shot all four accused in an encounter, saying they tried to attack the police force while they were conducting a reconstruction of the crime scene.
  • Three days after the encounter, Andhra Pradesh chief minister YS Jagan Mohan Reddy delivered an emotional speech on the floor of assembly hailing the Telangana government and praising chief minister K Chandrasekhar Rao.
  • He also promised to table legislation in the ongoing assembly session to ensure stronger punishment and speedy disposal of cases, especially in cases of crimes against women.

What are the highlights of the Disha Act?

  • Introducing women and children offenders registry:
  • The government of India has launched a National Registry of Sexual offenders but the database is not digitized and is not accessible to the public.
  • In the Andhra Pradesh Disha Act, 2019, the Andhra Pradesh government will establish, operate and maintain a register in electronic form, to be called the ‘Women & Children Offenders Registry’.
  • This registry will be made public and will be available to law enforcement agencies.

Exclusive punishment of death penalty for rape crimes:

  • At present, provision for punishing an offender in a rape case is a fixed jail term leading to life imprisonment or the death sentence.
  • The Disha Act 2019 has prescribed the death penalty for rape crimes where there is adequate conclusive evidence. Provision is given by amending Section 376 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860.

Reducing the judgment period to 21 days:

  • The existing judgment period as per the Nirbhaya Act, 2013 and Criminal Amendment Act, 2018 is 4 months (two months of investigation period and two months of trial period)
  • As per the Andhra Pradesh Disha Act 2019, the judgment will now have to be pronounced in 21 working days from date of offence in cases of rape crimes with substantial conclusive evidence.
  • The investigation shall be completed in seven working days and trial shall be completed in 14 working days.
  • The amendments have been made to Section 173 and Section 309 of the Code of Criminal Procedure Act, 1973 and via the introduction of additional clauses in the act.
  • The same has been done in cases involving minors.

Stringent punishment for sexual offences against children:

  • In cases of molestation/sexual assault on children under the POCSO Act, 2012, punishment ranges from a minimum of three years to maximum of seven years of imprisonment.
  • In the Andhra Pradesh Disha Act 2019, apart from rape, the Government of Andhra Pradesh prescribes life imprisonment for other sexual offences against children.
  • New Sections 354F and Section 354G ‘Sexual Assault on Children’ is being inserted in the Indian Penal Code, 1860.

Punishment for harassment of women through social media:

  • At present, no such provision exists in the Indian Penal Code. In the AP Disha Act, 2019, in cases of harassment of women through email, social media, digital mode or any other form, the guilty shall be punishable with imprisonment.
  • The imprisonment will be for a term which may extend to two years on first conviction and with imprisonment for a term which may extend to four years on second and subsequent conviction.
  • A new Section 354E ‘Harassment of Women’ is being added in Indian Penal Code, 1860.

Establishment of exclusive special courts in every district of Andhra Pradesh:

  • In the AP Disha Act, 2019, the government will establish exclusive special courts in each district to ensure speedy trial.
  • These courts will exclusively deal with cases of offences against women and children including rape, acid attacks, stalking, voyeurism, social media harassment of women, sexual harassment and all cases under the POCSO Act.
  • The state government has introduced the ‘Andhra Pradesh Special Courts for Specified Offences against Women & Children Act, 2019′.

Reducing appeal to 3 months for disposal of rape cases :

  • At present, the period for disposal of appeal cases related to rape cases against women and children is six months.
  • In the Andhra Pradesh Disha Act, 2019, the period for disposal of appeal cases has been reduced to three months. Amendments are being made in Section 374 and 377 of Code of Criminal Procedure Act, 1973.

Way ahead:

  • There is no such provision in existing laws.
  • In the Andhra Pradesh Disha Act, 2019, the government will constitute special police teams at the district level to be called District Special Police Team to be headed by DSP for investigation of offences related to women and children.
  • The government will also appoint a special public prosecutor for each exclusive special court.

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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 17 December 2019 (Require Police reform (Mint))

Require Police reform (Mint)

Mains Paper 3: Defence and security
Prelims level: Model Police Act in 2006
Mains level: Police reforms and consequences

THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 17 December 2019 (The steps to revival (Mint))

The steps to revival (Mint)

Mains Paper 3: Economy
Prelims level: Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code
Mains level: Implementing Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code

THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 17 December 2019 (Company Law Committee de criminalising 46 penal provisions (Indian Express))

Company Law Committee de criminalising 46 penal provisions (Indian Express)

Mains Paper 2: Polity
Prelims level : Company Law Committee
Mains level : Key recommendations of the Committee

THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 17 December 2019 (Company Law Committee de criminalising 46 penal provisions (Indian Express))

Company Law Committee de criminalising 46 penal provisions (Indian Express)

Mains Paper 2: Polity
Prelims level : Company Law Committee
Mains level : Key recommendations of the Committee

THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 16 December 2019 (Why the US has chosen to paralyse WTO (The Hindu))

Why the US has chosen to paralyse WTO (The Hindu)

Mains Paper 2: International Organisation
Prelims level: Appellate Body of WTO
Mains level: Role of Appellate body

Context:

  • The Chinese envoy said he “foresaw the result” that is coming at the WTO.
  • The envoy was referring to the result centring on a decision taken by the US to block the selection process for filling vacancies at the highest adjudicating body of the WTO.

Role of Appellate Body:

  • The Appellate Body has served the WTO members well for the past 25 years.
  • Its binding rulings since 1995 were never easy.
  • They dealt with complex trade issues and tensions arising from mennu ki faida (what benefits me most) trade policies/measures for maximising dollar-and-cent gains in the international trade.
  • The AB was one of the final pieces of the jigsaw puzzle called the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations, that established the WTO in 1995.
  • The US played a major part in creating the two-stage dispute settlement system. In the first stage of a dispute, countries would invoke panel proceedings which would take place almost for more than a year.
  • The panel’s verdicts if not acceptable to either of the parties — can be contested before the Appellate Body, which is the second and final stage.
  • However, rulings by the AB members seldom satisfied the two sides — complainants and defendants — in equal measure.

Rigid rulings

  • The US has increasingly regarded the AB as a threat to its unilateral decisions and ‘America First’ trade policies, including billions of dollars of revenue collected from anti-dumping and counter-vailing (anti-subsidy) duties.
  • Earlier, the US was able to turn its back to the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) panel rulings because they were not binding.
  • But once the AB started functioning, there was a qualitative change.
  • In the anti-dumping dispute over bed linen between India and the European Union, the AB ruled against the use of zeroing methodology, which inflated anti-dumping margins.
  • Subsequently, the ruling against zeroing methodology became a benchmark for rejecting US’ anti-dumping measures in various trade disputes raised by different countries.

Appeasement bid

  • The US chose not to implement several rulings by the AB for more than 17 years, causing lawlessness in the global trade order.
  • The advent of the Donald Trump regime, the lawlessness took the ugly form of unilateral actions and complete disregard for rules.

Way forward:

  • Even as 163 members condemned the US for spiking the AB, there was a deliberate attempt to appease Washington, which came from none other than the Director-General of the trade body, Roberto Azevedo.
  • The more needs to be done to address the concerns raised by the US about the functioning of the AB.
  • The DG did not even mention once, much less criticise, the US ’actions that caused the impasse over filling AB vacancies, ending the two-stage binding dispute settlement process for the time-being.

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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 16 December 2019 (IBC amendment: Companies shouldn’t be allowed to go scot free (The Hindu))

IBC amendment: Companies shouldn’t be allowed to go scot free (The Hindu)

Mains Paper 2: Polity
Prelims level: Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Bill
Mains level: Highlights the significance of the bill

Context:

  • The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Bill, 2019, has been hailed by many as a paradigm-changing move, which paves the way for a smooth takeover by the new promoter of an insolvent company.
  • A case that had brought up this issue was that of Lakshmi Mittal’s ArcelorMittal, which successfully bid for Essar Steel through the insolvency process, and had sought immunity from any future investigations pertaining to the company and its erstwhile promoters, the Ruia family.
  • Likewise, the attachment of assets of Bhushan Power and Steel Ltd worth ₹4,000 crore by the ED has reportedly delayed the ₹19,700-crore insolvency resolution by JSW Steel.

Significance of the bill:

  • The truth is all those successfully bidding in the IBC resolution process had been lobbying for clearing the decks for smooth takeover, with no baggage of past cases and recovery proceedings to dog them in future.
  • The Bill also says all licenses, permits, quotas, clearances, registration, concessions etc conferred on the company will continue despite the changing of hands of the controlling interest.
  • The Bill grants almost everything the takeover lobby has been pleading for.

Fleeing promoters:

  • Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman confidently told Parliament that the erstwhile promoters, who have been banished from the scene and who presided over the insolvency of the company, would be responsible for their own and the company’s misdeeds as well as liabilities.
  • The Indian corporate history has nothing to reinforce or bear out the confidence of the Finance Minister in this regard.
  • It is replete with instances of promoters running amok with their companies’ funds, while the government watches helplessly.
  • The sordid sagas of the grounded Kingfisher Airlines and Jet Airways vividly come to mind.
  • Mehul Choksi and Nirav Modi, promoters of Gitanjali Gems, too are thumbing their noses at the Indian government and Indian banks from distant shores. The censorious tag of ‘fugitive’ has not shamed them a wee bit.
  • The story of diversion of funds by company promoters is the same — give loans to a subsidiary or associate, which in turn gives a similar loan to another and so on in a labyrinthine route.
  • Till the trail fades away into a distant but convenient tax haven (with banking secrecy laws thrown in for good measure) like the Bahamas, Camay Island, Panama etc.
  • The new trend that is also emerging is, soon after the funds, the wily promoters too fade away to foreign destinations from where they mock the Indian government and banks.

Absolving from blame:

  • It is one thing to grant the new promoters immunity from criminal proceedings for the ignoble acts of their predecessors, but to completely absolve the company of any liability springing from the pre-takeover era will benefit no one.
  • A company is a continuum or going concern. Its profile does not change with the change of promoters or management. Therefore, it simply cannot shrug off the liabilities that might surface later on post-takeover.
  • Amalgamation is the other form of company rehabilitation. The company law says the amalgamated company inherits all liabilities, actual as well as contingent, of the amalgamating company. They don’t just disappear or resolve themselves.
  • Assets and liabilities are two sides of the same coin, just like rights and duties. If all the assets including licenses, patents, trademarks etc of the new company go to a new promoter, all liabilities should too.
  • Burdening the new promoters thus would be a dampener in IBC-led resolution is a facile, self-serving specious argument that turns the time-honoured legal principles of continuity on its head.
  • Spare the new promoters from criminality by all means, but do not throw the protective ring around the company — which might have been, for all we know, complicit in the crimes committed by the erstwhile promoter.

Way forward:

  • The Bill says the company and its officers will cooperate with the investigative agencies presumably on the ground that it would be at least privy to, if not complicit with, the erstwhile promoter’s shenanigans.
  • But then, that is not the same as coercive proceedings against its properties which it might have landed through the deceitful and ignoble ways of its former promoter.
  • The Bill, law-enforcing agencies like the ED, the Serious Fraud Investigation Office and the CBI are going to be hobbled and frustrated.
  • Crooks will laugh up their sleeves. The common man would be bemused.

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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 16 December 2019 (The chimera of a costless way to keep a lid on inflation (Mint))

The chimera of a costless way to keep a lid on inflation (Mint)

Mains Paper 3: Economy
Prelims level: Sacrifice ratio
Mains level: Reasons behind strengthening the inflation

Context:

  • The most important economic reforms accomplished by the Narendra Modi government was the Agreement on Monetary Policy Framework, which formalized the targeting of inflation.

Strengthen monetary policy framework:

  • In 2014, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had set up a committee under the chairmanship of Urjit Patel to revise and strengthen the monetary policy framework, and the committee recommended the adoption of this framework.
  • The idea has been popular, and is considered very effective in delivering low and stable inflation. Since 1990, it has been adopted by eight advanced and 32 emerging economies.

Highlights the agreement between RBI and GOI:

  • According to the agreement between the Indian government and RBI, the objective of monetary policy is primarily to maintain price stability, while keeping in mind the objective of growth.
  • It mandates RBI to contain consumer price inflation within 4% with a band of (+/-) 2%, and the central bank would be seen as having failed to meet its goal if it goes above 6%, or slips under 2%, for three consecutive quarters.
  • If this happens, RBI will have to explain the reasons for its failure and give a time frame within which the target would be achieved.

Background:

  • The implementation of the idea has led to a considerable fall in retail inflation over the years; from its peak of 11.16% in November 2013 to 1.46% in June 2017.
  • It was at 1.97% as recently as in January 2019, and at 4.62% in October 2019, though it rose to 5.56% last month.
  • In fact, even prior to the formal announcement of inflation-targeting, a disinflationary process had started, and, within the span of one year, from November 2013 to December 2014, 6.23 percentage points were knocked off the inflation rate.
  • It has been observed that RBI’s monetary policy has been successful in achieving its stated objective of disinflation, removing a significant economic imposition on the poor.
  • However, an issue that received minimal attention in the Urjit Patel committee report and in the recent debate on the growth slowdown is that of the output cost of such large and quick disinflation.

Sacrifice ratio:

  • The sacrifice ratio is an economic ratio that measures the effect of rising and falling inflation on a country's total production and output. Costs are associated with the slowing of economic output in response to a drop in inflation.

How it works?

  • The percentage of a year’s real gross domestic product that must be forgone to reduce inflation by one percentage point is dependent on several factors, such as how quickly people revise their expectations of future inflation.
  • If the revision is not quick, the sacrifice ratio can be relatively large.
  • Similarly, countries with inflexible wage-setting institutions may also have larger sacrifice ratios.

Way ahead:

THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 16 December 2019 (A band-aid (Indian Express))

A band-aid (Indian Express)

Mains Paper 2: Health
Prelims level: National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority
Mains level: Research and Development requires in the pharma sector rather the increase the essential price

Context:

  • India’s drug regulator, the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA), used the public interest provision of the Drugs Prices Control Order 2013 to allow manufacturers to increase prices of 21 essential drugs by as much as 50 per cent.
  • Most of these drugs are used to treat critical diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria and leprosy and are crucial to the country’s public health programme.

Concerns over raising the drug price:

  • The decision of the regulatory authority usually known to slash prices of life-saving drugs was precipitated by an extraordinary situation.
  • For nearly two years, drug manufacturers have been claiming inability to keep up with the country’s healthcare demands due to increasing costs of production.
  • Easing the price ceiling could help the healthcare system tide over the current crisis. It may, as the NPPA has reasoned, “pre-empt a situation where the public is forced to switch to costlier alternatives”.
  • But the drug regulator and the Department of Pharmaceuticals need to do much more to address the root cause for the shortage of critical drugs.

Scenario of India’s pharma industry:

  • India’s pharma industry imports more than 60 per cent of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) or bulk drugs — ingredients that give medicine its therapeutic value — from China.
  • In 2017, Chinese regulators cracked down on bulk drug manufacturing units for their failure to comply with the country’s environmental regulations.
  • The revamped Chinese API industry has raised prices, leading to spin-off effects in India. For instance, the cost of making Vitamin C pills has gone up by more than 250 per cent since 2017.
  • This has reportedly led to a 25-30 per cent shortage of this drug in India.
  • The pharma major, Abbot, applied to the NPPA to discontinue production of the leprosy drug, Hansepran.
  • The company pointed out that increasing costs of API imports had made the production of Hansepran unviable in India.

Importance of making medicines accessible:

  • The importance of making medicines more accessible to those who need them cannot be overstated.
  • Drug price control measures in India have not always achieved this objective.
  • The ceiling on prices of 74 bulk drugs in 1995, for example, forced many companies to opt out of API production.
  • The Draft Pharmaceutical Policy 2017 did propose correctives.
  • These included giving preference to drugs produced from indigenously produced APIs in government procurement and taking them out of price control for five years.
  • The draft talked about creating research and development facilities for API production.

Conclusion:

THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 16 December 2019 (Disha Bill (Indian Express))

Disha Bill (Indian Express)

Mains Paper 2: Polity
Prelims level: Disha Bill
Mains level: Provision highlights of the bill

Context:

  • The Andhra Pradesh Disha Bill, 2019 provides for awarding death sentence for offences of rape and gang rape and expediting verdict in trials of such cases within 21 days.
  • The AP Disha Act prescribes life imprisonment for sexual offences against children and includes Section 354 F and 354 G in IPC.

Who is Disha?

  • Disha is the name given to a veterinarian who was raped and murdered in Hyderabad on November 27.
  • She was allegedly abducted by four men who offered to help her fix her bike’s flat tyre.
  • The body of the woman was found burnt around 30 km away at an underpass near Shadnagar on the NH-44. Inquiries revealed that the four planned the abduction by puncturing her bike’s tyre.

Background:

  • The four accused were arrested amid widespread protests across the nation seeking justice for the victim. On the morning of December 6, the Cyberabad police shot all four accused in an encounter, saying they tried to attack the police force while they were conducting a reconstruction of the crime scene.
  • Three days after the encounter, Andhra Pradesh chief minister YS Jagan Mohan Reddy delivered an emotional speech on the floor of assembly hailing the Telangana government and praising chief minister K Chandrasekhar Rao.
  • He also promised to table legislation in the ongoing assembly session to ensure stronger punishment and speedy disposal of cases, especially in cases of crimes against women.

What are the highlights of the Disha Act?

  • Introducing women and children offenders registry:
  • The government of India has launched a National Registry of Sexual offenders but the database is not digitized and is not accessible to the public.
  • In the Andhra Pradesh Disha Act, 2019, the Andhra Pradesh government will establish, operate and maintain a register in electronic form, to be called the ‘Women & Children Offenders Registry’.
  • This registry will be made public and will be available to law enforcement agencies.

Exclusive punishment of death penalty for rape crimes:

  • At present, provision for punishing an offender in a rape case is a fixed jail term leading to life imprisonment or the death sentence.
  • The Disha Act 2019 has prescribed the death penalty for rape crimes where there is adequate conclusive evidence. Provision is given by amending Section 376 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860.

Reducing the judgment period to 21 days:

  • The existing judgment period as per the Nirbhaya Act, 2013 and Criminal Amendment Act, 2018 is 4 months (two months of investigation period and two months of trial period)
  • As per the Andhra Pradesh Disha Act 2019, the judgment will now have to be pronounced in 21 working days from date of offence in cases of rape crimes with substantial conclusive evidence.
  • The investigation shall be completed in seven working days and trial shall be completed in 14 working days.
  • The amendments have been made to Section 173 and Section 309 of the Code of Criminal Procedure Act, 1973 and via the introduction of additional clauses in the act.
  • The same has been done in cases involving minors.

Stringent punishment for sexual offences against children:

  • In cases of molestation/sexual assault on children under the POCSO Act, 2012, punishment ranges from a minimum of three years to maximum of seven years of imprisonment.
  • In the Andhra Pradesh Disha Act 2019, apart from rape, the Government of Andhra Pradesh prescribes life imprisonment for other sexual offences against children.
  • New Sections 354F and Section 354G ‘Sexual Assault on Children’ is being inserted in the Indian Penal Code, 1860.

Punishment for harassment of women through social media:

  • At present, no such provision exists in the Indian Penal Code. In the AP Disha Act, 2019, in cases of harassment of women through email, social media, digital mode or any other form, the guilty shall be punishable with imprisonment.
  • The imprisonment will be for a term which may extend to two years on first conviction and with imprisonment for a term which may extend to four years on second and subsequent conviction.
  • A new Section 354E ‘Harassment of Women’ is being added in Indian Penal Code, 1860.

Establishment of exclusive special courts in every district of Andhra Pradesh:

  • In the AP Disha Act, 2019, the government will establish exclusive special courts in each district to ensure speedy trial.
  • These courts will exclusively deal with cases of offences against women and children including rape, acid attacks, stalking, voyeurism, social media harassment of women, sexual harassment and all cases under the POCSO Act.
  • The state government has introduced the ‘Andhra Pradesh Special Courts for Specified Offences against Women & Children Act, 2019′.

Reducing appeal to 3 months for disposal of rape cases :

  • At present, the period for disposal of appeal cases related to rape cases against women and children is six months.
  • In the Andhra Pradesh Disha Act, 2019, the period for disposal of appeal cases has been reduced to three months. Amendments are being made in Section 374 and 377 of Code of Criminal Procedure Act, 1973.

Way ahead:

  • There is no such provision in existing laws.
  • In the Andhra Pradesh Disha Act, 2019, the government will constitute special police teams at the district level to be called District Special Police Team to be headed by DSP for investigation of offences related to women and children.
  • The government will also appoint a special public prosecutor for each exclusive special court.

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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 14 December 2019 (New industrial code a positive step for the changing world of work (Mint))

New industrial code a positive step for the changing world of work (Mint)

Mains Paper 3: Economy
Prelims level: Industrial code bill
Mains level: Improving the employment code

Context:

  • The new Industrial Relations Code, 2019 provides a clear definition of how fixed-term employment should be looked at hereon.
  • It would help to formalize, rationalize and simplify the process of having contractual employees at employers’ discretion.

Advantages of the new industrial code:

  • The reform initiative would also protect the interest and benefits of employees in fixed terms as regular workers.
  • It provides clarity of law, and a road map has been defined in terms of fixed-term employment. This should help both employers and their employees, thus creating ease in doing business.
  • The code will open doors for providing employment to many labour market outsiders across industries.
  • It will also enable employers to hire employees for short-duration projects, employees interested in doing more than one job as well as when employers want to hire additional number of employees due to seasonal increase in business.
  • The proposed law has vested powers with the government officers for adjudication of disputes involving penalty as fines, thereby lessening the burden on tribunal.
  • The proposed legislation will help create an ecosystem for job creation and will support startups seeking talent across skill sets with short-term engagements.

Limitations of the bill:

  • However, if an employer wishes to terminate an employee’s contract early, if such provisions are absent in an agreement— the fear of loss of employment may remain for the employee.
  • Also, currently, the non-renewal of a fixed-term contract constitutes a dismissal in law. Such aspects are now left open in the IR Code Bill 2019.

Concept of re-skilling budget:

  • The re-skilling budget couldn’t have come at a better time.
  • With the changing world of work, re-skilling helps create an ecosystem of learning and will support startups seeking talent across skill sets with short-term engagements.
  • Given the new gig economy environment, employment has moved from a lifetime contract to a taxicab relationship.
  • Flexibility and adaptability take priority over long-term structured employment. And while every employer requires skilled workers, we have a market failure in skill financing.
  • The proposed re-skilling fund will help deal with the skilling challenges that both employers and employees face during transition between roles or organizations.
  • Employers could go a step further and redirect the savings realized from automation and AI into skilling retrenched employees and converting them into an upgraded, productive workforce.
  • The focus would be on creating agile workforces with transferable skills.
  • For companies, while re-skilling, the costs incurred include primarily the cost of re-skilling, wages and lost productivity while the employee retrains.

Way forward:

  • It is worth asking what the costs incurred would be if instead of re-skilling, employers choose to fire employees and hire new ones.
  • For governments, on the other hand, the considerations include the costs and benefits of re-skilling of workforce, who would otherwise remain unemployed for extended periods of time.
  • The other aspects of the bill pave way for requirement-based hiring and promote setting up of more enterprises, thereby creating more job opportunities. Not only does this increase transparency and accountability but also leads to higher productivity.

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