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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 02 January 2020 (Chief of Defence Staff (Indian Express))

Chief of Defence Staff (Indian Express)

Mains Paper 2: Polity
Prelims level: Chief of Defence Staff
Mains level: Role and power of CDS

Context:

General Bipin Rawat taking over as the first Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) on New Year’s Day, a new structure is being created in the Defence Ministry.
CDS is a ‘dual-hatted role’
The dual-hatted role refers to the two hats the CDS wears: one of the permanent Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee which has the three service chiefs as members, and the other of the head of the newly created Department of Military Affairs (DMA) in the ministry.
The former is a military role while the latter is a role in the government;
It is as the head of DMA that his major responsibilities within the ministry will be discharged.

Charter of DMA:

The ministry already had four departments: Department of Defence; Department of Defence Production; Department of Defence Research and Development; and Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare.
Each of them is headed by a Secretary, with the Department of Defence being the nerve centre of the ministry, looking after all issues pertaining to the armed forces, defence policy and procurement.
The charter of duties of the DMA was so far looked after by the Department of Defence, which is headed by the Defence Secretary who is also the secretary in-charge of the Defence Ministry.
Work exclusively pertaining to military matters will fall within the purview of the DMA while the Department of Defence will deal with larger issues pertaining to defence of the country.
To give an illustrative example, this means that while tri-service military training institutions will fall under the DMA, organisations like IDSA and NDC whose remit is broader than military matters will fall under the
Department of Defence.

Are the armed forces not departments of the ministry?

No, the service headquarters, and thereby the armed forces, are attached offices in the ministry.
They used to come under the Department of Defence so far, but will now fall under the ambit of DMA, and will have an appropriate mix of civilian and military officers at every level.
Attached offices are generally responsible for providing executive direction required in implementation of policies laid down by the department to which they are attached, in this case now the DMA.
They also serve as a repository of technical information and advise the department on technical aspects of questions they deal with.
In essence, they are executive agencies carrying our directions of the Defence Ministry whose task is to draft them, obtain approval from the government and communicate them for implementation to the defence services.

But won’t the CDS command the three service chiefs, and be the single-point military adviser to the government?

No, neither. He will act as the Principal Military Adviser to the Defence Minister only on tri-services matters.
The three service chiefs will continue to advise the Defence Minister, as done so far, on matters exclusively concerning their respective services.
The government has also made it explicitly clear that the CDS will not exercise any military command, including over the three service chiefs.
But the service chiefs will be members of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, which will be headed by the CDS.
And the DMA, headed by the CDS, will also have the armed forces under its ambit — if promotions, postings and disciplinary matters of three services fall under the DMA, it will give the CDS extensive influence over the three service chiefs.

Have the service chiefs lost any of their major powers or tasks to the CDS?

None of the powers of the service chiefs, including of advising the government, has been curtailed and transferred to the CDS.
The only thing is the role of Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, which used to be headed by the senior-most chief by rotation.
That has been shelved with the CDS being the permanent Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, where he will be supported by the Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff.
The CDS has been given a time-bound task, to be done within three years, to bring about jointness in operations, logistics, transport, training, support services, communications, and repairs and maintenance of the three services, which will eventually lead to shedding of responsibilities by the service headquarters.
As the head of the DMA, the CDS has to also facilitate restructuring of military commands for optimal utilisation of resources by bringing about jointness in operations, including through establishment of joint/ theatre commands.
This is again a far-reaching move, which will potentially impinge on the remit of the service chiefs.
The nature of government functioning and his dual-hatted role will decide the different kind of powers, access and relationships that will be forged by the CDS.
Norms of functioning and political guidance, more than hard-coded bureaucratic rules, will determine the functional efficiency and effectiveness of the CDS and it will be upon General Rawat to establish this as the first incumbent of the new office.

Conclusion:

As per the gazette notification issued by the government on December 30, the Department of Defence headed by the Defence Secretary will be responsible for the “defence of India and every part thereof, including defence policy and preparation for defence and all such acts as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination to effective demobilisation”.
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Prelims Questions:

Q.1) With reference to the National Population Register (NPR), consider the following statements:
1. According to the Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003, a usual resident is a person who has resided in a local area for the past 6 months or more or a person who intends to reside in that area for the next 6 months or more.
2. It is a register containing details of Indian Citizens living in India and outside India.

Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) None