(GIST OF KURUKSHETRA) Theyyam: The Tribal Cultural Dance

(JUNE-2024)

Theyyam: The Tribal Cultural Dance

Introduction:

Theyyam, also known as Kaliyattam, Theyyam Kettu, or Thirayadiyanthiram is a vibrant ritualistic art form indigenous to the northern part of Kerala, specifically the Kolathunadu area, which in present-day consists of Kasaragod, Kannur, Wayanad, and Kozhikode districts. The art form is also practiced under the name ‘Bhuta Kola’ in the neighboring region of Karnataka, historically occupying the Tulunadu region. Rooted in ancient traditions dating back over a millennium, Theyyam holds a prominent place in the cultural tapestry of these regions and is deeply intertwined with the socio-economic and religious fabric of rural communities. The Government of Kerala, in 2018-19, announced the establishment of the Theyyam -Kala -Academy at the Thalassery constituency, also known as the National Centre for Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage which seeks to preserve, reconstruct, renovate monuments, places, and objects of artistic and historic interest.

About:

The structural components of Theyyam performance encompass various elements integral to its rich cultural expression which collectively contribute to the immersive and enchanting experience of the ritual dance, showcasing the cultural richness and spiritual significance.

Thottam Paatu: In the initial segment of the performance, commonly referred to as Vellattam or Thottam, the artist in a simple and modest red headdress accompanied by drummers, recites and narrates the myth of the deity of the shrine or Theyyam. This phase sets the stage, laying the groundwork for the elaborate transformation and immersive storytelling that follow in subsequent stages.
Kaavu: It is the sacred grove or forest area where Theyyam performances traditionally take place. Embedded in tradition, these natural sanctuaries serve as vital repositories of biodiversity, preserving endemic flora and fauna, and culturally, they are sanctuaries which foster communal cohesion and spiritual connections to the land. Thus, kaavu not only safeguard cultural heritage but also sustain ecological balance, embodying the harmonious relationship between rural communities and their natural surroundings.
Symbolising Harvest: The timings for Theyyam performances are generally scheduled during specific auspicious periods according to the traditional calendar, which often coincide with significant festivals, agricultural milestones, or celestial alignments. Moreover, Theyyam performances are commonly held during the winter months, aligning with the agricultural lull when villagers can actively participate without disrupting their farming activities.

Caste based nature of Theyyam: Theyyam performances are often associated with specific castes, particularly those belonging to the lower strata of society. Each caste can only perform the specific Theyyam of their deity and thus play a significant role in preserving and transmitting the tradition from generation to generation.
Natural Makeup, Attire, and Traditional Instruments: One of the most striking aspects of Theyyam is the elaborate makeup and the colourful attire worn by the performers. The makeup, often made from natural materials like rice powder and turmeric, transforms the artists into divine or ancestral beings. The attire includes colourful costumes adorned with intricate designs and ornaments, made from coconut leaves and other natural ingredients.

Various Kinds of Theyyam: There are around 400 diverse forms of Theyyam which encompass a myriad of deities and narratives, each representinga unique aspect of cultural, historical, and mythological significance. They can be broadly classified into, forms of female deities, predominantly Mother Goddesses like Bhagawati, Kali, Chamundi, and Bhadrakali, who embody both primordial aspects of nature and puranic tales. Additionally, there are deities elevated from human figures and history of the land, these include revered scholars and war heroes, thus developing a tradition of documenting history.

Ecological Symbolism: Many Theyyam performances feature deities and spirits that are closely associated with elements of nature, such as forests, rivers, animals, and celestial bodies. These narratives contain insights into sustainable land management practices, seasonal calendars and ecological indicators used by indigenous people to navigate and utilise their natural resources in harmony with nature,thus promoting a sustainable perspective towards development and economy.
Sacred Groves and Biodiversity Conservation: Theyyam rituals often take place in sacred groves or kaavus, which are revered as sacred sites by indigenous communities. These groves serve as biodiversity hotspots, harbouring a rich diversity of plant and animal species. By performing Theyyam in these natural settings, tribal communities reinforce their spiritual connection to the land while also contributing to the conservation of local ecosystems.
Harvest Festivities and Agrarian Wisdom: Some Theyyam rituals are associated with harvest festivals and agrarian celebrations, highlighting the importance of agriculture in tribal societies. Through songs, dances, and rituals, performers pay homage to the land, gods, and ancestral spirits, invoking blessings for a bountiful harvest and agricultural prosperity. These performances serve as repository of agrarian wisdom and practices that have sustained tribal communities for centuries.
Environmental Conservation and Advocacy: In recent years, Theyyam has emerged as a platform for environmental conservation and advocacy, with some performances incorporating themes related to ecological preservation, wildlife protection, and climate change awareness.

Conclusion:

Theyyam contributes significantly to the local economy through tourism, generating revenue for communities hosting performances. The influx of tourists attending Theyyam events stimulates economic activity in rural areas, benefiting hospitality, transportation, handicrafts, and other related industries. Furthermore, ritual art provides livelihood opportunities for a significant population of the region, including performers, musicians, costume makers, and artisans. By sustaining traditional occupations and skills, Theyyam contributes to the economic well¬ being of local communities and helps preserve cultural heritage.