(IGP) IAS Pre: GS - Indian History - Modern Indian History: 1937 : Titles of Some Important Leaders
Modern Indian History
Titles of Some Important Leaders
Abdul Gaffar Kahn | Frontier Gandhi, Badshah Khan |
Bal Gangadhar Tilak | Lokmanya |
C.F. Andrew | Dinbandhu |
C.R. Das | Deshbandhu |
C. Rajagopalachari | Rajaji |
Chatherine Mary Heilaman | Meera Behn |
Dada Bhai Nauroji | Grand Old Man |
Goapal Hari Deshmukh | Lokhitwadi |
J.B. Kriplani | Acharya |
Jatin Mukherjee | Bagha Jatin |
Lala Lajpat Rai | Sher-i-Punjab |
Lala Munshi Ram | Swami Shradhanand |
Lord Ripon | Ripon, the Popular |
M.K. Gandhi | Mahatma, (Given by R.N. Tagore) Bapu |
Margaret Noble | Sister Nivedita |
Narendra Nath Dutt | Swami Vivekanand |
Rabindra Nath Tagore | Gurudeo |
Raja Ram Mohan Roy | First Modern Man |
Sarojini Naidu | Bharat Kokila |
Subhash Chadra Bose | Netaji |
Vallabhai Patel | Sardar, Iron Man |
Miscellaneous
Foreign Accounts (Chronologically)
- Herodotu’s Accounts - Greek (454-425 BC) (He is known as father of History).
- Ctesia’s Accounts - Greek (416-398) Clesiar of Ktesias was a physician.
- Periplus of the Erythrean Sea - Greek - By a Greek sailor who made a voyage to the Indian coast about A.d. He left a record of Indian ports, Harbours and merchandise - Erythraean Sea. Description of trade in Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea and Red Sea.
- National History - Latin - Pliny - In first century A.D. - He wrote about Indian animals, plants and minerals.
- Georaphy - Greek - By Ptolemy - written in Second Century AD on scientific times - He gave the shape of India (like a kite).
- Geography - By Strabo - Written in Greek.
- Accounts of Cosmas - Indicopleustes - Wrote about Mihirkula.
- Fo-Kwo-Ki (Travels of Fahien) - Fahien.
- Si-yu-ki (Buddhist Records of the Western World) - Hiuen Tsang - He refers to Mihirkula.
- Life of Hiuen Tsang - Hwuili.
Facts about Coinage
- Coins were introduced in India in 500 BC.
- These early coins were known as Punch-marked coins bearing only a variety of symbols.
- Indo-Greeks were first to introduce gold coins-they also initiated the practice of issuing billignual coins-they were also first to issue coins which could be attributed to particular kings with certainly.
- Portrait-coinage was introduced by Indo-Greeks.
- Kushans issued the purest gold coins.
- Kadaphises I (Kushana) issued gold coins which bore the images of Shiva and Nandi bull.
- Satvahanas issued coins in four metals: silver, copper, potin, and lead (the last one being predominant).
- The Guptas issued the largest number of gold coins.
- Gold coins of Md. Ghauri bore the image of goddess Kali / Lakshmi on obverse and the name of the ruler in Nagari script on reverse.
- Md. Bin Tughlaq introduced token currency of brass and copper on the model of Chinese currency CHAO (in paper and silk).
- Akbar’s gold mohur bore the figures of Sita and Ram was called Jallai
- The coins of Harihara I & Bukka I bore the image of Hanuman like the coins of Kadamba dynasty.
- The coins of Krishnadevaraya bore the images of Venkatesh and Balakrishna.
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Various Coin Types
Dam |
Chief copper coin weighing 323 grain introduced by Shershah and continued by Mughals, 40 Dams was equal to 1 rupee |
Jittal | Copper coin of Sultanate period. |
Kakini |
Copper coin weighing 2.25 grain, Popular during the Maurya period. |
Karspana | Early coin type, the most popular one, made of gold, solver, copper and lead. |
Nishka | Gold ornaments used as medium of exchange. |
Pana | Silver coin of early period weighing 57.8 grain. Popular during the Mauryas. |
Rupaka | Silver coin of the Guptas weighin 32 of 36 grain. |
Rupaya | Silver coin weighin 170 grain introduced by Shershah and continued up till the advent of European powers. |
Tanka | Standard silver coin of Sultanate period weighin 175 grains and equivalent to 64 jittal. Introduced by Iltutmish . |
Varaha | Gold coin of Vijana gara rulers weighed 52 grain, and was called pagoda by oreigners particularly Portuguese, Also known as Hun and Panam. |
Cities/Towns | Founders |
Jodhpur | Rao Jodha or Marwar |
Jaunpur | Firoz Tughlaq (on the site of Jamanpur) named after Jauna Khan (Md. Tughlaq). |
Hyderabad | Md. Quli, 1590, a new capital of Qutub Shahi kingdom of Golkunda |
Ahmedabad | Ahmed Shah of Gujarat, on the side ot the old town Asawal |
Mustaphabad | Mahmud Begarha |
Muhammadabad | Mahmud Bergaha |
Delhi/Dhilika | Tomaras, middle of 11th century, Angapal |
Firojabad / Kotla shah | Firoz Shah Tughlaq |
Shahjehanabad | Shahjahan |
Fatehpur Sikri | Akbar |
Mahabalipuram | Nasimhavarman |
I, Mahamallu | |
Bikaner | Bika (Son of Bodha) |
Fatehabad | Firoz Shah Tughlaq |
Hissar | Firoz Shah Tughlaq |
Patliputra | Udayin |
Jaipur | Raja Swai Jai Singh |
Amritsar | Guru Ramdas (3rd Guru) |
Srinagar | Ashoka |
Gangaikondach
Puram |
Rajendra of Chola dynasty |
Ajmer | Ajayraja (Chauhans)
|
Agra | Sikander Lodi
|
Hushangabad | Hushang Shah |
Nauraspur | Ibrahim Adil Shah II |
Vijaynagara / Vidyanagara
|
Harihara I and Bukka I |
Calcutta | Job Charnok |
Rai Pithora | Prithviraj Chauhan |
Tughlaqabad | Ghisuddin Tughlaq |
Adilabad | Md. Bin Tughlaq |
Jahapanah | Md. Bin Tughlaq |
Dinapana | Humayun |
Khizrabad | Khizr Khan |
Salimgarh | Islam Shah |
Daulatabad | Md. Bin Tughlaq |
Allahabad/ Illahabad | Akbar |
Zafarbad | Zafar Khan |
Siri | Alauddin Khalji |
Historical Monuments and Builders |
|
Historical Monuments | Builders |
Sanchi Stupa | Ashoka |
Bharhut Stupa | Sungas |
Amravati Stupa | Satavahanas |
Peshwar Stupa | Kanishka |
Sarnath Stupa | Guptas and Vakataka |
Chaitya of Bhaja | Satavahanas |
Ajanta Painting | Guptas |
Shore Temple (Mahabalipuram)
|
Narasimha II (Pallava) |
Shore Temple (Mahabalipuram) | Narasimha II (Pallava) |
Mailashnath Temple (Kanchipuram) | Narasimha II (Pallaya) |
Vaikuntha Permual Temple (Kanchipuram) | Nandian Varman II |
Virupaksha Temple (Pattadkal) | Chalukyas of Badami |
Dasavatara Temple (Deogarh) | Guptas |
Mahabodhi Temple (Bodhgaya) | Palas |
Kailashnath Temple(Ellora) | Krishna I (Rashtrakhuta) |
Elephanta Caves | Rashtrakutas, According to some others Kalcharies |
Brihadesvara Temple (Tanjore) also called Rajrajeshwara | Rajaraja I (Chola) |
Lingraj Temple (Bhubeneshwar) | The Eastern Gangas |
Jagannath Temple (Puri) | Anant Verma (Eastern Ganga) |
Sun Temple (Konark) | Narasimha Gajapati |
Kendriya Mahadev (Khajuraho) | Chandellas of Bundelkhand Temple |
Sun Temple (Modhera) | Solanki of Gujarat |
Adinath (Vimla Vasahi Temple) Dilwara | Vimala, Minister of Bhima I |
Neminath Luna | Vastupala and Tejpala, |
Varahi Temple(Dilwara) | Ministers of Bhima II |
Hoyasaleswara Temple | Hoyasalas (helebid / Dwarsamudra) |
Sun Temple (Martanmd) | Lalitaditya (Karkota dynasty of Kashmir) |
Kritistambha (Chittor) | Rana Kumbha |
Hazara Temple | Krishnadevarya |
Minakshi Temple(Madurai) | Tirumala Nayak |
Gol Gumbaj Bijapur | Md. Adil Shah |
Char Minar(Hyderabmad) | Md. Quli Qutub Shah |
Jama Masjid(Ahmedabad) | Ahmed Shah I |
Adina Masjid ( Pandua) | Sikandar Shah |
Jama Masjid (Mandu) | Mahmud Khaliji |
Qila-i-Kuhna (with Purana Qila Delhi) | Sher Shah Masjid |
Atala Masjid (Jaunpur) | Hussain Shah Sharqi |
Jami Mosque (Jaunpur) | Hussain Shah Sharqi |
Dakhili Darwaja (Gaur) | Barbak Shah |
Ekalakhi (Pandua) | Jalauddin Md. Shah |
Jami Mosque (Mandu) and completed by Mahmud I | Started by Hushang Shah |
Ashrafi Mahal (Gold Mandu) | Mahmud I Mohur Palace, |
Tin Darwaja (Ahmedabad) | Ahmed Shah |
Vitthalswami | Krishnadeva Raya Temple |
Qadm Rasul (Gaur) | Nusrat Shah |
Bara Sona Masjid (Gaur) | Nusrat Shah |
Lal Darwaja (Jaunpur) Sharqi | Raj Bibi / Consort of Mahmud |
Jama Masjid (Ahmedabad) | Ahmed Shah |
Hindola Mahal (Mandu) | Hushang Shah |
Kumbhalgarh | Raja Kumbha Karan |
Vijaya Stambha (Chittor) | Rana Kumbha Karan |
Statue of Gomesteswara/ Bahubali | Chamundaraya (Sravanbelgola) |
Nalanda University | Kumargupta (Guptas) |
Vikramshila Univeristy | Dharmpala (Palas) |
Important travellers
Megathenes
- A greek ambassador sent by Selucas to the court of Chandragupta Maurya.
- Wrote the book Indika.
- The book provides a graphic picture of the socio-economic conditions of India during the Mauryan period.
- It gives valuable information on municipal administration as well.
Fa-Hien
- A Buddhist monk
- Visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II.
Huen-Tsang
- A famous Chinese Buddhist monk.
- Visited India during the reign of Harsha.
- Popularly known as the “Prince of Pilgrims”.
- Studied at Nalanda University.
His work is known as Si-Yu-Ki. I-Tsing
- A Chinese traveller.
- Visited India in connection with Buddhism and its learning.
- Wrote the book “Biographics of Eminent Monks”.
Al-Masudi
- An Arab traveller
- Wrote the book “Murujul Zabab”.
- He has written extensively on contemporary India.
Marco Polo
- A venetian traveller.
- Popularly called the “Prince of Medieval Travellers”.
- Wrote a book “The Book of Ser Marco-Polo”.
- The book gives an invaluable account on the economic history of India.
- Visited South India in 1292-93 on his way from China to Persia and collected valuable amount of information of some parts of South India.
Ibn Batuta
- An Arab and a native of Morocco.
- Reached India during the reign of Muhammad-bin Tuglaq.
- Was appointed as Qazi of Delhi during the reign.
- While returning to Morocco in 1353, Ibn Batuta compiled his travel experience in the book called ‘Rehla’.
- It gives valuable information on the reign of Muhammad-bin Tughlaq and the geographical, econonic and social conditions of India.
- Gives reference to Sadi (group of 1000 villages) and Hazar (group of 1000 villages)
- Gives reference to fruit-growing activities. (mango was the prized fruit).
Nicolo Conti
- An Italian and the earliest visitor to Vajayanagar Empire.
- 2. Reached India during the reign of Devaraya I.
Abdur Razzaq
- A Persian, sent by Shah Rukh as ambassador to the Zarnorin of Calicut.
- He also visited Vijaynagar during the reign of Deviraya II.
Athanasius Nikitin
- A Russian horse merchant, spent some years in the deccan and travelled in the Bahmani Kingdom.
- Resided in Bidar for a long time.
- He gave detailed observation of the court, the army and conditions of the people under Bahamani rule.
Durate Barbosa
- Was a Portuguese official in India.
- His works gives information on the Vijayanagara empire.
Ludovico Di Varthema
- A soldier and traveller who was knighted by the Portuguese.
- Wrote a book ‘The Itinerary of Ludovido Di Varthema’ which provides a detailed account of Goa and Calicut and other ports on the West Coast.
Domingo Paes
- A great Portuguese traveller who visited Vijaynagar during the reign of Krishnadeva Rya.
- Paes has written a descriptive glory of the Vijaynagar empire in his book “The Narrative of Domingo Paes”.
- He found the city of Vijaynagar as large as Rome
Rernao Nuniz
- A Portuguese horse dealer who spent three years in the empire of Vijaynagar.
- He wrote a book ‘The Chronicle of Fernao Nuniz’.
- He also translated compiled and edited the account of Paes and Nuniz in his famous work “A Forgotten Empire”.
Ralph Fitch
- First English Merchant to reach Fatehpur Sikri and Agra.
- Visited a number of places in various parts of India and provides valuable information on the trade and urban centres of the late sixteenth century.
Caesar Fredrick
- A Portuguese who visited the empire of Vijaynagar after the battle of Talikota.
- He made special comments on the runined splendour of the imperial city.
William Hawkins
- An English ambassador of the Britsh King James I to the court of Jahangir.
- He had came to India to secure the trading rights for the English in India.
- He has written valuable information on the reign of Jahangir.
Sir Thoms Roe
- Leader of the Second English Embassy to the court of Jahangir.
- He wrote a book ‘A voyage to the East Indies’.
- The book provides a very useful information about the court business.
Pietro Della Valle
- An Italian traveller who reached Surat in 1623.
- Wrote about social conditions of India.
Pater Mundy
- An Indian traveller to the Mughal empire in the reign of Shah Jahan.
- He has given a valuable formations on the conditions of the common people in Mughal India.
Jean Baptise Tavernier
- A frenchman, made six voyages to India between 1638 and 1663.
- Wrote a book entitled ‘Travel in India’.
- He has written about the reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.
- He has give a detailed description of the diamond trade and mines.
Nicolao Manucci
- Reached India in 1656 from Venice.
- Worked as an artilleryman in the army of Dara Shikoh.
- After Dara’s execution he worked as a quack doctor, an artillery captian, an ambassador etc.
- Died at Madras.
- 5. Wrote Storio Do Mogor, written in a mixture of Italian, French and Portguese.
Francois Bernier
- Reached India in 1656 from France.
- He was a physician and philosopher.
- Lived under the patronage of Danishmand Khan, one of Aurangzeb’s leading nobles.
Dynasties and their Founders
Authors | Books |
Asvaghosa (100 AD) | Buddhacharita |
Bharavi (600 AD) | Kirtarjuniyam |
Vakpatiraja | Gaudvaho (Prakrit) |
Hala (100 AD) asKi | Saptasataka / Gathasaptasi (Prakrit) |
Bhasa | Swapana Vasuduttam |
Sudraka (500-600 AD) | Mrichhkatika (Little Play Cart) |
Harshvardhana | Ratnavali |
Harshvardhana | Priyadarshika |
Visakhadutta | Mudra Rakshasa |
Banabhatta (700 AD) | Kadambari |
Banabhatta (700 AD) | Harsha Charita |
Gunadhya (200 AD) | Brihat Katha |
Chanderbardai | Prithvirajraso |
Chanderbardai | Prithvirajavijaya |
Charak (contemporary of Kanishka) | Charam Samhita (First Book on medicine) |
Susuta (400 AD) | Susruta Samhita (First book on Surgery) |
Hemanchandra | Parisistparvan |
Merutunga (1400 AD) | Prabhandha Chintamani |
Rajasekhara | Prabhandhkosa |
Vijnaneshwara | Mitakshara (on law of inheritance) |
Kalidasa | Raghuvamsa |
Kalidasa | Kumarasambhvam |
Kalidasa | Abhjinanashakutalam |
Kalidasa | Meghadutam |
Kalidasa | Ritusamhara |
Kalidasa | Malvika - Agnimitra |
Panini | Astyadhyayi (First book on Sanskrit grammer) |
Patanjali (200 BC) | Mahabhasya |
Amarsimha (During the reign of Chandragupta II) | Amarkosa (lexicography) |
Jayadeva (1200 AD) | Gita Govinda |
Mahendravarman (A buriesque) | Mattavilasa Prahasana (Palava king) |
Narayana Pandit | Hitopadesa |
Vishnusharma | Panchatantra |
Megasthenes | Indika |
Ram Das, | Dasabodha Maharashtra Dharma |
Pliny | Natural Historrica |
Ptolemy | Geographica |
Anonymous Greek | Periplus of the ErythreanSailor Sea |
Collection of writings | Tirumurais of Nayanars & Alvar as 5th Veda |
Aryabhatta | Arbhatiyam |
Aryabhatta | Suryasidhanta |
Somadeva | Kathasritasagar |
Naychandra Suri | Harnikavya |
Vakaptiraja | Gaudavaho (Prakrit exploits of Yasovarman of Kannauj) |
Jimutavahana | Dayabhaga |
Fahien | Ho-Kwo-Ki |
Huen Tsang | Si-Yu-Ki |
Udyaraja | Rajavinoda (Biography of Mahmud Begarha of Gujarat) |
Kalhana | Rajarangini |
Somadeva | Kathasaritsagar (Based on Gundhaya’s brihat-Katha) |
Bhaskracharya | Lilawati (Mathematics) |
Scholars and Their Patrons |
|
Scholars | Patrons |
Udayaraja | Mehmud Begarha of Gujarat |
Hemchandra | Mumarpala Chalukyas of Ahilwada |
Nagarjuna | Kanishka |
Amarsimha | Chandragupra Vikramaditya |
Ravikirti | Pulkesin (Chalukyas of Badami) |
Vakapatiraja | Yasovarman of Kannauj 720 AD |
Bhavabhuti | Yasovarman of Kannauj |
Harisena | Samudra Gupta |
Rajshekhara | Prithviraj III |
Chandra- barradai
|
Brithviraj Chauhan Banabhatta Harsha |
Dandin | Narsimhavarman (Pallava) |
Bharavi | Simha Vishnu (Pallava) |
Gunadhyaya | Hala (Satvahana) |
Mavirarcharya | Amoghvarsha (Rashtrakuta) |
Jinsena | Amoghvarsha |
Sakityana | Amoghvarsha |
Jaidev | Lakshman Sena (Bengal) |
Bilhana | Vikramaditya VI (Chalukya of Kalyani) |
Vijayaneshwar | Vikramaditya VI |
Lakshmidhara | Govindchandra (Gadhavalas of Kannauj) |
Kalhan | Harsha of Kashmir |
Firdausi | Mahmud Gazni |
Amir Khusro | Alauddin Khilji
|
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Click Here for Titles of Some Important Leaders MCQ
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