Gist of The Hindu : OCTOBER-2025

Gist of The Hindu: OCTOBER-2025

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Fare se Fursat Fixed Airfare Scheme

  • Recently, the Minister of Civil Aviation inaugurated the ‘Fare Se Fursat’ Fixed Airfare Scheme.

About Fare se Fursat Fixed Airfare Scheme:

  • It is aimed at giving passengers freedom from the stress of fluctuating airfares and promoting ease of flying in the country. 

  • Objective: To address this long-standing challenge by introducing transparency and stability in pricing.

  • It is an initiative by India’s government-owned regional carrier, Alliance Air which offers a single, fixed fare that remains constant regardless of the booking date, even on the day of departure. 

  • Alliance Air operates short and medium-route flights, primarily connecting tier 2 and tier 3 cities under the union government’s Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik (UDAN) scheme.

  • Pilot Phase: The initiative will be implemented on a pilot basis from October 13 to December 31, 2025 across select routes.

  • The initiative is also expected to encourage first-time flyers from smaller towns to opt for air travel and make air travel available, accessible and affordable.

  • It is truly ‘Naye Bharat ki Udaan’ thinking beyond profitability and keeping the focus on public service.

  • Advantages: The static fare system eliminates uncertainty and stress associated with fluctuating airfares, ensuring predictability of costs, even for last-minute bookings.

Crew Escape System

  • ISRO has developed a cost-effective, single-stage Test vehicle powered by the Vikas engine to validate the crew escape system (CES).

About Crew Escape System:

  • It is an emergency escape measure designed to quickly pull the crew module along with the astronauts to a safe distance from the launch vehicle in the event of a launch abort. 

  • The CES is classified into two types based on the way it extracts the crew module:

  • Puller type: It is used in Gaganyaan, where the CES pulls the crew module away from the launch vehicle;

  • Pusher type: It is used in vehicles like SpaceX’s Falcon 9, where the crew module is pushed away using compact, high-thrust liquid-fuel engines.

  • The U.S.’s Saturn V, Russia’s Soyuz, and China’s Long March vehicles also use puller-type CES designs.

Working of Crew Escape System:

  • Once the CES has moved the crew module a safe distance away from the failing vehicle, the module will be released and decelerated by a multistage parachute system.

  • It will reduce the module’s velocity in steps, ensuring it splashes down safely in the sea without exceeding the crew’s physiological limits upon impact.

  • Typically, the crew will remain inside the module until splashdown.

  • The Integrated Vehicle Health Management system (IVHM), which is a network of sensors, electronics, and software, will aid in taking a decision to activate the CES when a contingency arises.

Military Combat Parachute System

  • Recently, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully tested the Military Combat Parachute System (MCPS) at 32,000 feet altitude.

About Military Combat Parachute System:

  • It is indigenously developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

  • Organizations involved: It has been designed by DRDO’s Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment, Agra, and Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory, Bengaluru.

Features of Military Combat Parachute System:

  • It has successfully undergone a combat freefall jump from an altitude of 32,000 feet.

  • It is the only parachute system currently in operational use by the Indian Armed Forces capable of deployment above 25,000 feet.

  • It consists of several enhanced tactical features, including a lower rate of descent and superior steering capabilities.

  • The system has compatibility with Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC),

Significance of Military Combat Parachute System

  • It enables paratroopers to safely exit aircraft, deploy parachutes at predetermined altitudes, navigate accurately, and land at designated zones.

  • It also provides the freedom of use against any adversary of our choice and is not susceptible to interference/denial of service by outside parties/nations.

  • It has opened doors for induction of Indigenous parachute systems.

  • This will also reduce dependency on other nations for its serviceability during times of conflict and war.

SAIME Initiative

  • Recently, a model of Sustainable Aquaculture in Mangrove Ecosystems (SAIME) in West Bengal’s Sundarbans has been conferred Global Technical Recognition by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.

About SAIME Initiative:

  • The Sustainable Aquaculture in Mangrove Ecosystems (SAIME) is a multi-stakeholder partnership (MSP) to strengthen transformative processes in shrimp trade as a basis for the protection of mangrove ecosystems in West Bengal.

  • It is a climate-adaptive and conservation-linked livelihood initiative that integrates brackish water shrimp-based aquaculture with mangrove restoration.

  • It is an ecosystem-based, climate-adaptive, and conservation-linked livelihood approach.

  • Implemented by: It has been implemented in collaboration with Global Nature Fund (GNF) in consortium with Nature Environment and Wildlife Society (NEWS), Naturland, and Bangladesh Environment & Development Society (BEDS).

What are Mangroves?

  • Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in coastal intertidal zones, primarily in tropical and subtropical regions.

Characteristics of Mangroves

  • Salt Tolerance: They possess specialised root structures, such as salt-filtering roots and salt-excreting leaves, to manage high salinity levels.

  • Aerial Roots (Pneumatophores): These roots help in respiration by obtaining oxygen from the air in waterlogged soils.

  • Prop Roots: Provide stability against tidal waves and storm surges.

  • Vivipary (Seed Germination): Seeds germinate while still attached to the parent tree to overcome the challenge of germination in saline water.

  • Efficient Carbon Sequestration: Mangroves are among the most carbon-rich ecosystems, playing a vital role in mitigating climate change.

  • Ecological Significance: Mangrove forests act as a crucial buffer between land and sea, providing habitat for various marine and terrestrial species.

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute 

  • The Supreme Court recently permitted the limited use of green crackers approved by the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) in Delhi-NCR this Diwali.

About National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI):

  • It is a research institute created and funded by the Government of India.

  • NEERI is a pioneer laboratory in the field of environmental science and engineering.

  • The institute’s primary mission is to conduct research and development activities related to various aspects of environmental management, pollution control, and sustainable development.

Formation:

  • It was established in Nagpur in 1958 as the Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute (CPHERI), when environmental concerns were limited to human health with a focus on water supply/sewage disposal/communicable diseases, and to some extent, on industrial pollution and occupational diseases.

  • Slowly worldwide public awareness on the contamination of the environment on a regional to global scale started getting attention in the 1970’s.

  • In 1974, CPHERI was rechristened the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI).

  • It is a constituent laboratory of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) under the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India.

  • It is devoted to research and innovations in environmental science and engineering besides solving a range of problems posed by industry, government, and the public.

  • Headquarters: Nagpur

  • NEERI has five zonal laboratories at Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai.

MERCOSUR Group

  • Recently, India and Brazil agreed to significantly expand their existing trade agreement between India and the MERCOSUR bloc.

About MERCOSUR Group:

  • The Southern Common Market(MERCOSUR for its Spanish initials) is a South American regional economic organization.

  • It is the fourth largest integrated market after the European Union (EU), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and ASEAN.

  • It was created in 1991 by signing the Treaty of Asunción.

  • Objective: Free movement of goods, services, capital and people and it became a customs union in January 1995. 

Member countries: 

  • It originally comprised Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay as its members. 

  • Bolivia and Venezuela joined it later. (Venezuela has been suspended since December 1, 2016).

  • Mercosur also counts Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, and Suriname as associate members.

  • Headquarters: Montevideo, Uruguay.

  • Its official working languages are Spanish and Portuguese.

Steadfast Noon

  • NATO's annual nuclear deterrence exercise, Steadfast Noon, will be hosted by the Netherlands this year.

About Steadfast Noon:

  • It is an annual nuclear exercise by NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).

  • It is an important test for the alliance's nuclear deterrent.

  • It is hosted by a different NATO country each year.

  • The 2025 edition of the exercise is being hosted by the Netherlands, with Volkel Air Base serving as the main operating site.

  • Bases at Kleine Brogel in Belgium, Lakenheath in Britain, and Skrydstrup in Denmark will also be involved.

  • Those nations, as well as Finland, Poland, the United States, and Germany, are among the participants.

  • It will involve around 70 aircraft from 14 allied nations, including both conventional and dual-capable aircraft.

  • Dual-capable aircraft refers to aircraft that can deliver both conventional and nuclear weapons, which includes Germany’s Tornado, as well as the American and Dutch F-35 jets.

  • The exercise won’t use any actual nuclear weapons.

  • Pilots and aircraft involved in the exercise are certified for the nuclear mission, but no weapons are loaded or flown.

  • France isn’t participating in the exercise, as the country keeps its nuclear forces separate from NATO’s command-and-control structure and decision-making process.

LEAPS 2025

  • Recently, the Union Minister for Commerce and Industry launched the Logistics Excellence, Advancement, and Performance Shield (LEAPS) 2025 in New Delhi.

About LEAPS 2025:

  • LEAPS is a flagship initiative of the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry,

  • Aim: It aims to benchmark logistics excellence, strengthen India’s competitiveness, and align with the vision of the National Logistics Policy (NLP) and PM GatiShakti.

  • LEAPS 2025 has been conceptualized to acknowledge and celebrate best practices, innovation, and leadership within India’s logistics industry.

  • It covers a wide spectrum of logistics players, including air, road, sea, and rail freight operators; warehousing; multimodal transporters; MSMEs; Startups; and Academia.

  • The initiative also emphasizes sustainability, ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) practices, and Green Logistics, encouraging collaboration between Government, Industry, and Academia to enhance efficiency, transparency, and resilience in the logistics ecosystem.

What is PM Gati Shakti?

  • It aims to understand current gaps in logistics connectivity and facilitate the development of logistics infrastructure (creating connectivity between roadways, rail transport, waterways, and air transport) so as to reduce logistics costs.

  • The programme has an estimated cost of ₹100 trillion.

Armenia

  • Recently, Armenia has become the newest State Member of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

About Armenia:

  • Armenia is a landlocked country, located in the south of Caucasus mountain range.

  • Bordering Countries: It is bounded by Georgia in the north, Azerbaijan in the east, Iran in the southeast and Turkey in the west. 

  • Terrain: The Lesser (or Little) Caucasus Mountains dominate much of Armenia's landscape. 

  • Much of Armenia’s soil—formed partly by residues of volcanic lava—is rich in nitrogen, potash, and phosphates. 

  • Highest Peak: Mount Aragats (4,090 m) which is an extinct volcanic peak.

  • Climate: Highland continental, hot summers, cold winter climate.

  • Rivers: Aras, Hrazdan, Arpa, and Vorotan, rivers which provide hydropower and irrigation facility to country.

  • Natural resources: Small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, bauxite

  • Lakes: Lake Sevan is the largest lake of Armenia.

  • Language: The official and national language of Armenia is Armenian, spoken by the vast majority of the country's population.

  • Capital: Yerevan.

Madagascar

  • An elite military unit that backed youth-led anti-government street protests recently said it had taken power in Madagascar after the national assembly voted to impeach President Andry Rajoelina.

About Madagascar:

  • It is an island country of Africa.

  • It is located around 400 km off the coast of East Africa in the Indian Ocean, with the nearest mainland African country being Mozambique.

  • It is separated from the African coast by the Mozambique Channel.

  • It is the second-largest island country in the world. It covers an area of 592,800 sq.km.

  • The island country of Mauritius and Réunion (territory of France), lie to the east of Madagascar.

  • To the northwest are the French territory of Mayotte and the island country of Comoros.

  • The Tsaratanana Massif region at the northern end of the island is home to Madagascar’s highest point, Maromokotro, at 2,876 m.

History:

  • France invaded the island in 1883. France officially declared Madagascar a French colony in 1896.

  • After World War II, in 1947, locals fought for their independence from France in what became known as the Malagasy Uprising.

  • In 1960, Madagascar finally became an independent nation.

  • Capital: Antananarivo

  • Languages: Malagasy, French

  • Government: It is a semi-presidential republic. The public elects a president, who in turn appoints a prime minister to put together a cabinet to advise the president.

Economy:

  • Eighty percent of Madagascar’s economy is fueled by agricultural industries, including forestry and fishing.

  • Among the island’s most frequently sold agricultural products are coffee, vanilla, and sugarcane.

Biodiversity:

  • Lush rainforests, dry deserts, and grassy plains cover the island, with coral reefs and mangrove forests stretching along its coastlines.

  • Almost 90 percent of the plants and animals living on Madagascar aren’t found anywhere else in the world.

  • That’s because strong ocean currents have isolated the island from the African continent, so the species living there haven’t traveled beyond the island’s borders.

Foreign Currency Settlement System

  • Recently, the Union Finance Minister launched a Foreign Currency Settlement System (FCSS) at the International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) in Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City).

About Foreign Currency Settlement System:

  • It is established under a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework of the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007.

  • It is authorised by International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA).

Key Features

  • It enables foreign currency transactions between IFSC Banking Units (IBUs) to be settled locally instead of routing through the traditional correspondent banking route.

  • It provides a structured framework for the settlement of foreign currency transactions, enabling market participants to process cross-border payments with greater speed, reliability, and legal certainty.

  • Initially, the system will support US dollar transactions, with scope to add other foreign currencies over time. 

  • It is operated by the CCIL IFSC Limited (CCIL IFSC), a subsidiary of Clearing Corporation of India Limited.

  • Currently, foreign currency transactions in GIFT IFSC are processed via correspondent banking routes i.e through multiple Nostro account relationships (accounts held with foreign banks) and intermediaries to route funds.

  • That chain of relay can lead to settlement lags of 36 to 48 hours.

Unicorn Company

  • Startups are emerging as the new driving force of India’s defence innovation ecosystem, said Defence Minister recently, while calling upon young entrepreneurs to set new benchmarks and create India’s first defence unicorn.

About Unicorn Company:

  • A unicorn company is a privately owned start-up that has been valued at over $1 billion.

  • It is commonly used in the venture capital industry. The term was first popularized by venture capitalist Aileen Lee in 2013, when she referred to the 39 startups that had a valuation of over $1 billion as unicorns.

Key Characteristics of a Unicorn Startup:

  • Valuation: A billion-dollar valuation or more.

  • Private Ownership: Not publicly traded on a stock market.

  • High Growth Potential: Demonstrates rapid growth and innovation.

  • Disruptive Technology: Often introduces innovative products or services that disrupt existing industries.

  • Attracts Significant Investment: Secures substantial funding from venture capitalists and other investors.

  • The valuation of unicorns is not expressly linked to their current financial performance, but largely based on their growth potential as perceived by investors and venture capitalists who have taken part in various funding rounds.

  • Some unicorns choose to go public by launching an initial public offering (IPO); some opt to remain private using their funding rounds to avoid going public; and still others end up getting acquired by bigger companies.

  • As of July 2025, there are over 1,200 unicorns around the world.

What are Gazelles and Cheetahs in the Startup ecosystem?

  • Gazelle is a startup founded after 2000 with the potential to go unicorn in two years, while “cheetah” may go unicorn in the next four years.

  • Gazelles have an estimated valuation ranging from $500 million to $1 billion, and the valuation of cheetahs ranges from $200 million to $500 million.

Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Certification

  • About 10 Indian marine and saline fish and shrimp varieties are set to get the global Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification soon.

About Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Certification:

  • The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is an international non-profit organisation that sets globally recognised, science-based standards for sustainable fishing and seafood traceability.

  • The MSC certification program recognises and rewards sustainable fishing practices and is helping create a more sustainable seafood market.

  • Assessment: The MSC certification scheme is based on independent third-party assessments and is built on three principles: Stock health, Environmental impacts, Effective management.

  • This certification is open to all fisheries that wish to voluntarily demonstrate that their operations are sustainable, regardless of their location, size and fishing gear.

  • Validity: The certification is valid for 5 years, but subjected to annual surveillance audits.

  • It is the only wild-capture fisheries certification based on the Food and Agriculture Organisation’s (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing and Guidelines for the Eco-labelling of Fish and Fishery Products from Marine Capture Fisheries.

  • Astamudi clam Paphia malabarica is India’s first Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certified fisheries.

Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme

  • Recently, the Union Minister of Electronics & IT highlighted that the Electronics Components Manufacturing Scheme has received an overwhelming response from both domestic and international industry leaders.

About Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme:

  • It is the first dedicated Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to promote the manufacturing of select passive electronic components, including resistors, capacitors, speakers, microphones, special ceramics, relays, switches, and connectors. 

  • Objective: To develop a robust component manufacturing ecosystem by attracting investments (global / domestic) across the value chain by integrating its domestic electronic industry with the Global Value Chains (GVCs).

  • The scheme will offer three incentive structures:

  • Turnover-linked incentive (based on revenue)

  • Capex-linked incentive (for investments in plants & machinery)

  • Hybrid incentive model (a combination of both)

  • Incentives for incremental investments and turnover range from 1–10% depending on the year and the component.

  • Employment generation will be a mandatory requirement for all applicants, including both component manufacturers and capital equipment producers. Thus, the scheme not only boosts manufacturing but also creates skilled jobs.

  • Tenure: This scheme has a tenure of six years, with a one-year gestation period.

  • The scheme focuses particularly on passive electronic components. In contrast, active components fall under the purview of the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM).

  • This scheme is set to benefit a number of industries, such as automobiles, consumer electronics, and electronics.

Bharat Taxi Initiative

  • The National e-Governance Division (NeGD), Digital India Corporation, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY), has joined hands with Sahakar Taxi Cooperative Limited to support the upcoming Bharat Taxi initiative.

About Bharat  Taxi Initiative:

  • It is a first-of-its-kind cooperative-driven, citizen-first national ride-hailing initiative.

  • It is being jointly promoted by leading cooperative and financial institutions including NCDC, IFFCO, AMUL, KRIBHCO, NAFED, NABARD, NDDBand NCEL.

  • It reflects the cooperative movement’s spirit and also aligns with the vision of the Government’s flagship Digital India programme for delivering inclusive, citizen-centric, and technology-enabled public services.

  • Under this initiative NeGD provides the Bharat Taxi platform with:

  • Platform Integration & Technical Architecture: Integration of the Bharat Taxi platform with national digital platforms such as DigiLocker, UMANG, and API Setu to enable seamless identity verification and service delivery.

  • Security, Compliance & Infrastructure:Ensuring adherence to Government of India’s data protection norms and cybersecurity standards and advising on robust technical infrastructure.

  • Programme Advisory:Providing governance and programme management support leveraging NeGD’s institutional experience in designing and implementing large-scale national platforms.

  • UI/UX & Accessibility:Offering advisory inputs on user interface design, multilingual capabilities, and inclusive access features for all citizens.

Celestial  body -Chiron

  • Recently, astronomers for the first time observed a ring system formation around icy celestial body Chiron.

About Celestial  body –Chiron:

  • Chiron is part of a class of objects called centaurs (which populate the outer solar system between Jupiter and Neptune), displaying characteristics of both asteroids and comets.

  • It was discovered in 1977 by astronomer Charles Kowal.

Features of Celestial body –Chiron

  • It has a diameter of about 200 kilometers (125 miles) and takes about 50 years to complete one orbit around the sun.

  • Ring system: Its observations clearly showed that it is surrounded by well-defined 4 rings. The three inner rings are embedded within dust swirling around in a disk-like shape.

  • These rings are likely composed mainly of water ice mixed with small amounts of rocky material, like those of Saturn. 

  • Composition: It mainly consists of rock, water ice and complex organic compounds.

  • Chiron exhibits occasional comet-like activity – ejecting gas and dust into space.

  • A method called stellar occultation was used by a team including Brazilian, French and Spanish researchers to observe the rings.

Scheme for Innovation and Technology Association with Aadhaar

  • Recently, the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) has launched the Scheme for Innovation and Technology Association with Aadhaar (SITAA).

About Scheme for Innovation and Technology Association with Aadhaar:

  • It was launched to strengthen India’s digital identity ecosystem and combat emerging security threats such as deepfakes, spoofing and presentation attacks.

  • It aims to bring together startups, academic institutions and industry players to co-develop secure, scalable and globally benchmarked solutions that enhance Aadhaar authentication.

  • SITAA will particularly focus on advanced biometric technologies, authentication frameworks, artificial intelligence, and data privacy.

  • The SITAA pilot phase will roll out three targeted challenges designed to address critical areas of Aadhaar authentication security:

  • Face Liveness Detection: Startups are invited to develop software development kits (SDKs) for passive and active face liveness detection.

  • Solutions must prevent spoofing through photos, videos, masks, morphs, deepfakes, and adversarial inputs.

  • Presentation Attack Detection (PAD): Academic and research institutions can submit proposals for advanced PAD solutions that leverage AI/ML to detect a wide range of attacks, including print, replay, masks, morphs, and deepfakes.

  • Solutions must be privacy-compliant, scalable, and capable of real-time or near-real-time detection.

  • Contactless Fingerprint Authentication: It focuses on developing SDKs for fingerprint authentication using standard smartphone cameras or low-cost imaging devices.

  • The solutions must ensure high-quality image capture, spoof detection, and compatibility with Aadhaar’s authentication ecosystem.

Akash Missile System

  • India is learnt to have pitched for the supply of the Akash missile system to Brazil, as the Defence Minister recently held wide-ranging talks with Brazilian Vice-President Geraldo Alckmin in New Delhi.

About Akash Missile System:

  • It is a short-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system.

  • It is designed to protect vulnerable areas, points, and assets from a range of aerial threats, including fighter aircraft, cruise missiles, drones, and helicopters.

  • It was indigenously designed and developed by India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and is produced by Hyderabad-based Bharat Dynamics Ltd. (BDL).

  • It is currently in service with the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Indian Army.

Features:

  • The system features a launcher, a missile, a control centre, an integral mission guidance system, a multifunctional fire control radar, a system arming and explosion mechanism, a digital autopilot, C4I (command, control, communication, and intelligence) centres and supporting ground equipment.

  • It can simultaneously engage multiple targets in Group Mode or Autonomous Mode.

  • The missile is 5.87 meters long, 350 millimeters in diameter, and weighs 710 kilograms.

  • It features a solid-fuel, ramjet propulsion system, capable of reaching speeds of Mach 2.5 to 3.5 (up to 4,200 km/h).

  • It covers a range of 4.5 km to 25 km and can engage aerial threats flying between 100 meters and 20 kilometers in altitude.

  • It is a fully mobile system, effective at engaging multiple targets simultaneously with a kill probability of up to 99% with a salvo of two missiles.

  • Its sophisticated Rajendra radar can track numerous targets and guide multiple missiles concurrently.

  • It is fully automatic, features built-in electronic countermeasures, and is mobile across different terrains.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

  • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is a leading cause of infant mortality globally and October is marked as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome month.

About Sudden Infant Death Syndrome:

  • It is the term used to describe the sudden and unexpected death of an infant that is less than one year old, for which no cause can be found even after an investigation.

  • It is sometimes known as ‘cot death’ or ‘crib death’, even though cots and cribs are not the cause of these deaths.

  • The most SIDS deaths occur during the first six months of a baby’s life.

  • It occurs slightly more in baby boys and happens when the baby is asleep.

Risk factors for SIDS

  • Premature birth or low birth weight;

  • A family history as babies who have had a sibling who died of SIDS are at a higher risk; Exposure to smoking/secondhand smoke during or after pregnancy;

  • Unsafe sleeping positions or environments and poor prenatal care.

  • Possible causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

  • Problems of under-development of the part of the brain that helps control breathing and waking during sleep.

  • It may also be a genetic vulnerability or a vulnerability to environmental stresses.

  • Vaccines do not cause SIDS.

Mission Drishti

  • Space-tech start-up GalaxEye will launch the world's first multi-sensor Earth observation (EO) satellite 'Mission Drishti' in the first quarter of next year.

About Mission Drishti:

  • It is the world's first multi-sensor Earth observation (EO) satellite.

  • It is India's largest privately built satellite and also the highest-resolution satellite developed in the country.

  • It is planned by Bengaluru based space startup – GalaxEye

Key Features of Mission Drishti

  • It is carrying synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and high-resolution optical payloads, which will make available Earth observation data through any weather and at any time of the day.

  • It is envisioned to deploy 8-12 satellites by 2029.

  • It is engineered as a remote-sensing Earth observation system, optimised for spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to capture high-precision imagery.

  • The satellite weighs 160 kg and offers 5 metre resolution.

  • It has successfully undergone stringent structural tests at ISRO’s U R Rao Satellite Centre, demonstrating its resilience to the extreme environment of space.

  • Range of applications: It will enable governments, defence agencies and industries to perform advanced geospatial analysis across a wide range of applications, including;

  • Border surveillance, disaster management, defence, infrastructure monitoring, agriculture financial and insurance assessment etc.

Morocco Win U-20 World Cup

  • Morocco made history on October 19, 2025, by defeating Argentina 2-0 in the Under-20 FIFA World Cup final in Chile, capturing the nation’s first World Cup title at any level. 

About:

  • The North African nation capped off a phenomenal tournament run with a commanding victory over one of football’s traditional powerhouses.

  • This win not only marks Morocco’s emergence as a global football force but also positions them as a key player in youth development on the world stage, becoming the first African team since Ghana in 2009 to win the U-20 World Cup.

  • Star Performer: Yassir Zabiri’s Double Seals the Victory

  • The hero of the night was Yassir Zabiri, a rising talent currently playing for FC Famalicão in Portugal’s Primeira Liga. Zabiri scored both goals in the first half, delivering a performance that stunned a heavily favoured Argentine side.

  • His precise finishing and tactical discipline gave Morocco a comfortable lead they defended resolutely throughout the second half.

  • Argentina, who entered the final undefeated, struggled to respond, especially in the absence of their top U-20 talents—Claudio Echeverri (Bayer Leverkusen) and Franco Mastantuono (Real Madrid)—who missed the tournament.

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Courtesy: The Hindu