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(GIST OF YOJANA) Rani Abbakka : The Unyielding Guardian of Sovereignty and Justice

(AUGUST-2024)

Rani Abbakka : The Unyielding Guardian of Sovereignty and Justice

Introduction:

The Alupa dynasty, one of the ancient dynasties of Karnataka, ruled over Tulunadu for over a thousand years, from around the 2nd century to 14th century AD. Tulunadu came under the rule of the Vijayanagara Empire in the later part of the 14th century and continued up to the later half of the 16th century. During this period, fourteen minor dynasties such as the Banghas of Bangadi, Ajilas of Venuru, Bairarasa of Karkala, Savanthas of Mulki, Dombaheggade ofVittala.Tolaharas of Suraal, Rajas of Kumble, Chowtas of Puttige, Kellas, Moolas of Byelangadi, Honneyakambalis of Hosangadi, and the Saluvas of Gerusoppe emerged. Wars and proxy wars, agreements and disagreements were the regular feature among these minor rulers.

Background:

The Portuguese document from 1589 refers to a reign of the king in Ullala. His rule lasted from 1588 to 1594. The details of this king are not available in contemporary records.
The younger Abbakka ruled from 1594 to 1640. The younger Abbakka, after ascending to power in 1594, marked a golden era in the coastal belt. Ullala’s conflict with the Portuguese over trade and the tribute issue persisted. She continued the struggle against the Portuguese, seeking to avenge her mother’s defeat.
To counter Portuguese dominance, Abbakka allied with the Zamorin of Calicut and Malabar kings, ensuring her trade with Arab countries remained secure. In 1617, the capture of one of her ships returning from Mecca by the Portuguese provoked Abbakka to retaliate by attacking the Mangalore Fort. She took the aid of Keladi Venkatappa Nayaka. Portuguese historian Danvares writes, "Venkatappa’s Army came to her help from above the Ghat.
The Banghas capitals of Bangady and Nandavar were taken over. Mangalore was annexed. She defeated both the Portuguese and the Bangha King. Bangha was allied with the Portuguese. Portuguese admirals such as Miranda and D’mello ran away. 200 Portuguese soldiers were slain". Abbakka’s role was huge in supporting her army. It was a massive setback for the Portuguese, who had modern warfare means, while Abbakka had indigenous weapons. Her guerrilla war tactic led her to victory.
The news of her triumph had reached beyond the seven seas, establishing it as an epoch-making event in history. Thereafter, the Portuguese refrained from intervening in the region’s affairs and retaliating against Ullala, acknowledging Abbakka’s formidable resistance.

Family Life

Younger Abbakka was married to Bangha Chief Veera Narasimha Lakshmappa Bangharasa IV of Bangha principality. Abbakka’s marital alliance with Lakshmappa Bangharasa IV of the Bangha family initially seemed harmonious but later deteriorated over trade disagreements with the Portuguese.
They had three children, namely, Chikka Raya, who had died at an early age; Cheluva Raya; and one daughter, Tirumalamba. The Queen divorced him, sending back tohim all the jewels that he had given in marriage.
She disliked Lakshmappa Bangharasa’s pleasant approach to Portuguese. He was not willing to earn the wrath of the Portuguese with regard to his trade activities and offering of tribute.
Abbakka ultimately left her husband’s palace in Mangalore and returned to Ullala with her children. She assumed the throne of Ullala inherited from her mother, as per the Aliyakattu setup.

Perspective of an Italian Traveller

Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle’s accounts provide a vivid portrayal of Abbakka, who, despite her humble appearance, commanded immense respect and authority.
Engaged in irrigation projects and other public works, she exemplified a ruler dedicated to her people’s welfare. She was known for her equitable rule and concern for her subjects’ welfare.
Abbakka fostered an inclusive governance model, transcending caste and religious distinctions. Her governance model, characterised by direct involvement in various administrative sectors, serves as a beacon for contemporary leaders. Abbakka’s inclusive approach, even towards enemies, highlights her magnanimity and strategic foresight.
The Persian ruler Shah Abbas’ recommendation to Pietro to visit Queen Abbakka underscores her global reputation as a formidable and just ruler. No other source provides as detailed information about Abbakka as Pietro Della Valle’s travelogue.
Inspired by Abbas’ words, Pietro travelled to Ullala to see Abbakka in 1623. Upon arriving at the capital, he found out that she was not in the capital but in Malali, another political center. Upon inquiring, he leared that she was engaged in building a bridge for an irrigation system and would not return until the evening.
When Pietro finally saw her, she appeared humble, with no sandals or crown, yet she commanded immense respect and authority. Pietro was thoroughly impressed by her personality and gained his admiration and respect.

Conclusion:

In summation, we may say that both Abbakka’s mother and daughter posed a strong threat to the Portuguese. They tried to subdue their policy of expansion, especially in the coastal belt. However, the younger Abbakka did not get support from neighbouring rulers or from her husband. In the midst of all this political turmoil, she had to protect her principality and safeguard the interests of her subjects.
Thus, Rani Abbakka’s legacy is a testament to her indomitable spirit and visionary leadership. Her resistance against foreign domination and commitment to her people’s welfare establish her as a pivotal figure in Indian history, worthy of academic recognition and commemoration. Abbakka thus assumes a distinct place among all the women fighters of India across time.