Making of cyborgs and the challenges ahead (Mint)

Mains Paper 3: Science and Tech
Prelims level : Not much
Mains level : Neuromodulation

Context

• A recent medical trial restored partial sight to six blind people via an implant that transmits video images directly to the brain.
• The device used was called Orion, which feeds images from a camera directly to the brain.
• “Cognitive neuroprosthetics” are devices that directly interface with the brain to improve memory, attention, emotion and much more.

Key problems with existing system

• Current neuromodulation systems need surgical implantation of bulky components with limited battery life.
• Batteries impact an intervention’s cost and lifetime, a device’s size and weight, the need for repeat surgeries and problems of tissue-heating and performance compromises. This is due to the relatively high power consumption of the electronics for a given performance requirement.
• The National Institutes of Health in the US opines that pacemaker batteries last between 5-15 years, but their average lifespan is 6-7 years; a doctor has to operate again after about 7 years to replace either the battery or the pacemaker itself.

Way ahead

• A flexible chip-type implant that harnesses glucose present in the body and converts it into electrical energy that can power a neurological implant.
• The problem of battery size can be tackled by reducing the power consumption and operating the electronics near fundamental levels of physics.
• Achieving a higher number of channels, better signal-to-noise ratio, and improved flexibility and robustness while working at ultra-low power can significantly lower implant sizes without sacrificing performance.
• Ultra-low-power semiconductors to generate chipsets that have been validated in lab and animal trials.
• Spinal cord stimulation and deep brain stimulation are major target applications.
• Neuromodulation is the most lucrative sector in the European neurological device market.

Conclusion

• In India, it is estimated that about 30 million people suffer from various forms of neurological diseases and the average prevalence rate is as high as 2,394 patients per 100,000 of the population.
• Current neuromodulation devices cost between $10,000 and $40,000, putting them out of reach for many Indians.

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Prelims Questions:

Q.1) With reference to the ‘research paper published in Palgrave Communications on INDUS script’, consider the following statements:
1. Majority of the Indus Valley inscriptions were written logographically (by using word signs) and not by using phonograms (speech sounds units).
2. The popular hypothesis that the seals were inscribed with Proto-Dravidian or Proto-Indo-European names of the seal-owners does not hold ground.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both
D. None

Answer: C
Mains Questions:
Q.1) What are the key challenges ahead of making cyborgs?