Why Amazon rainforest is reaching a dangerous tipping point (Indian Express)

• Mains Paper 3: Environment 
  Prelims level: Amazon rainforest
  Mains level:  Threat to the Amazon rainforestU climate action plan

Context:

• The researchers Thomas E Lovejoy and Carlos Nobre have said that while 2019 was not the worst year for fire or deforestation in the Amazon.
• As the world’s largest tropical rainforest the precious Amazon is teetering on the edge of functional destruction and, with it, so are we.

Why is the Amazon rainforest in danger?

• The Amazon basin is the world’s largest repository of biodiversity and produces about 20 per cent of the world’s flow of freshwater into the oceans. 
• In the recent few years, the rainforest has been under threat from deforestation and burning. 
• Earlier this year, fires in the Amazon that were visible from space made headlines. According to Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (INPE), forest fires in the Brazilian part of the rainforests have doubled since 2013. 
• It estimates an increase of over 84 per cent since last year. 
• Until August this year, over 72,000 fires were recorded. June to December is considered to be burning season when farmers want to clear land for farming.
• Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, which comprises about two-thirds of the area of the rainforest, started in the 1970s and 1980s when large-scale forest conversion for cattle ranching and soy cultivation began. 
• NASA’s Earth Observatory notes that state policies that encourage economic development, such as railway and road expansion projects have led to “unintentional deforestation” in the Amazon and Central America. 
• The forest clearing has been encouraged by agricultural subsidies, timber concessions and tax breaks have encouraged forest clearing in the Amazon.

What the researchers have said?

• The researchers mention that when it rains on the landscape of the Amazon forest, it returns at least 75 per cent of the moisture to the westward-moving air mass. 
• Over the whole Amazon basin, the air rises, cools and precipitates out close to 20 per cent of the world’s river water in the Amazon river system. 
• The moisture of the Amazon is crucial for the continental climate system and has specific benefits for Brazilian agriculture practised in the south.
• The fact is that every country in South America other than Chile (blocked from this moisture by the Andes) benefits from Amazon moisture.
• Essentially, when forests are cut, the land is rendered barren, which means that potentially more than 50 per cent of the rainforest runs off and not much water is left for recycling. 

Their predictions:

• The researchers predict that if the deforestation continues to happen at the going rate, the rainforest, which they have likened in size to that of 48 states of the continental US.
• This could soon not have enough moisture for the rainforests to sustain, eventually leading to the development of savannahs in the eastern and southern portions of the Amazon.
• Perhaps extending into central and southwestern areas, because these zones are naturally close to the minimum amount of rainfall required for the rain forest to thrive.
• The situation may exacerbate further due to “negative synergies” induced by man-made global warming.
• In addition, although deforestation anywhere in the Amazon diminishes its hydrological cycle, what happens in the Brazilian Amazon is particularly important because of the sensitivity of that part of the forest to incremental and cumulative impacts of vegetative decline from dieback.
• The researchers have estimated that 17 per cent of the entire rainforest and about 20 per cent of the Brazilian rainforest has been deforested. They refer to these figures as “substantial and frightening”.

What is dieback?

• When the Amazon rainforest reaches its tipping point, which is to say when the level of deforestation has led to there not being enough water for recycling and as result, moisture to induce rainfall, the rainforests will be unable to sustain themselves. 
• This will lead to a situation when the trees, and in turn, the forest will start to “dieback”. In other words, some trees and eventually the forests will reach the physiological limits of dryness probably induced by droughts and heat stress. 
• Because of this dehydration, the affected trees will begin to die from the tip of their leaves or roots backwards.
• The first time that an Amazon dieback scenario was suggested was in 2000 by Peter M Cox who published his findings about running large-scale computer simulations that showed how forests were affected by a changing climate scenario throughout the 21st century.
• As per Cox’s analysis, forests would continue to take up carbon until about 2050, post which, warmer temperatures and water-related stress could cause dieback of the Amazon rainforest. 
• Essentially this means that instead of being a carbon sink, the rainforest would start emitting carbon.

Way forward:

• Through reforestation, Brazil should help to reach its goals under the Paris Agreement and a “new vision” for the Amazon must be created by the citizens and leaders of South America and the world, they say.
• The tipping point is here, it is now. The peoples and leaders of the Amazon countries together have the power, the science, and the tools to avoid a continental-scale, indeed, a global environmental disaster. 
• Together, we need the will and imagination to tip the direction of change in favor of a sustainable Amazon.

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Prelims Questions: 

Q.1) With reference to the Article 30(1) of the Constitution of India, consider the following statements:

1. Article 30(1) of the Constitution of India gives linguistic and religious minorities a fundamental right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. 
2. The Supreme Court in T.M.A. Pai Foundation vs. State of Karnataka (2002) held that a minority, whether linguistic or religious, is determinable only by taking into consideration the population of the country as a whole.

Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) None of the above

Ans: A

Mains Questions:

Q.1) How deforestation and burning became a threat to the Amazon basin?