THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 10 August 2020 (A new direction for India-U.S. ties (The Hindu))

A new direction for India-U.S. ties (The Hindu)

Mains Paper 2: International Relations 
Prelims level:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
Mains level: Bilateral agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests

Context:

• The US under the leadership of President F. D. Roosevelt during the early 1940s once pressed Britain’s Prime Minister Winston Churchill to free India and co-opt India as a formal allyin World War II.
• But Britain firmly and obstinatelyrefused to agree despite the writing on the wall — that Indians had stood up and would achieve freedom sooner rather than later.
• India stabilised after a bloodyPartition in 1947, declared its commitment to democracy, fundamental rights, free press and non-violence in a written Constitution.

The UN and CHINA:

• India thus appeared to the U.S. as worthy of replacing China in the most important Security Council, as a Permanent Member with a Veto.
• According to a recent study by Dr. Anton Harder, the author states that the U.S.’s offer for India to join the UNSC was conveyed by India’s Ambassador to the U.S. then, viz., Ms. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, Nehru’s sister.
• Nehru’s response was unequivocal.
• ‘So far as we are concerned, we are not going to countenanceit. That would be bad from every point of view. 
• It would be a clear affrontto China and it would mean some kind of a break between us and China.
• ‘We shall go on pressing for China’s admission in the UN and the Security Council. 
• India because of many factors, is certainly entitled to a permanent seat in the security council. But we are not going to at the cost of China’.
• Nehru not only declined the U.S. offer to India to become a UNSC Permanent Member with Veto but instead campaigned for China to take up that seat.
• The U.S. however resisted that campaign till 1972, when in a turnaround the U.S. supported Communist People’s Republic of China and entered into “strategic partnership” in the 1970s onwards with the reform-minded new leadership of Deng Xiaoping.
• Subsequently what China did to Nehru for this generosity at India’s expense is history from which we must learn.  

The shift to Pakistan:

• In 1953 after India’s tilt to the Soviet Union and China in the Korean war, the U.S. turned to Pakistan as a possible counterweight in South Asia against the Soviet Union and China. 
• The U.S. made Pakistan a member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), and liberally gave aid and armaments.
• Pakistan which was no match in military, economic development, and ancient and continuous culture that ensured democracy, began to dream of equality with India in the international domain.
• As a consequence, India had to go to war with Pakistan in 1965, 1971 and 1999, losing precious lives defending our own territory. 
• The U.S. even sent a Seventh Fleet Task Force with nuclear weapons on board to threaten us on the dismembermentof Pakistan during Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.
• The rest is history. We have to learn from our past mistakes. 
• Today there is a new opportunity with the U.S. but it is not on a clean slate.

America’s November Roll:

• The success of our new bonding with the U.S. will first depend on the outcome of the U.S. Presidential elections this November. 
• The Democratic party rival and Presidential candidate, Joe Biden, has already taken a hostilestand against our government. 
• With the Left wing and liberals in the U.S. highly critical of the BJP government, such as rubbishing the Citizenship (Amendment) Act passed by India’s Parliament with a two-thirds majority.
• In inner U.S. circles our purchase from Russia of the S-400 air defence missile system and the refusal to agree to America’s request to send Indian troops to Afghanistan have mostly browned offU.S. officials. 
• U.S. policy makers know Indians love atmospherics and melas, but not substantive issues which concern the U.S.
• Therefore, we need to build trust with the U.S. that we will give to the U.S. as good as it gives us, and not give us lectures instead. The U.S. will then respond more than what we concede.
• In 1991 when then PM Chandra Shekhar told me to find out if we can get a policy-conditions free loan at a concessional interest rate from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). 
• I told him that the IMF would never agree, but since a large size of the voting power in the IMF was directly or indirectly controlled by the U.S., we should placatethe U.S.
• Thereafter, PM Shekhar spoke to the U.S. that India would agree to a pending American request with the PM’s Office for permission to refuel their air force planes flying from the Philippines to Saudi Arabia for the first Gulf War when Iraq occupied Kuwait.
• I thereafter told the U.S. Ambassador in New Delhi about this but I said it was conditional on getting $2 billion (1991 prices). Over the weekend that loan arrived and India was saved from a default.

In synchrony:

• Today, thus, the new or fresh paradigm should be on how to structure India-U.S. understanding and which is in sync with common India-U.S. perspectives. 
• For this structuring we must: first realise that India-U.S. relations require give and take on both sides.
• What India needs to take today is for dealing with the Ladakh confrontation on our side of the Line of Actual Control by China. 
• Obviously, India needs U.S. hardware military equipment. India does not need U.S. troops to fight our battles against China on our border.
• Third, the U.S. needs India to fight her enemies in the neighbourhood such as in Afghanistan. 
• It is my view that India should send two divisions gradually to Afghanistan and relieve U.S. troops to go home.
• India needs the support of the U.S. and its ally, Israel, in cyberwarfare, satellite mappings of China and Pakistan, intercepts of electronic communication, hard intelligence on terrorists, and controlling the military and the Inter-Services Intelligence in Pakistan.
• India needs the U.S. to completely develop the Andaman and Nicobar, and also the Lakshadweep Islands as a naval and air force base, which the U.S. can share along with its allies such as Indonesia and Japan.
• India must be firm in two areas which are not amenableto give and take. One is that economic relations must be based on macroeconomic commercial principles. 
• Free, indiscriminate flow of U.S. foreign direct investment (FDI) is not in India’s national interest.

Look at technologies:

• Thus, India needs technologies such as thorium utilisation, desalination of sea water, and hydrogen fuel cells, but not Walmart.
• India needs U.S. universities to start campuses in India, as proposed in the new National Education Policy draft.
• Eighth, the U.S. must allow India’s exports of agricultural products including Bos indicus milk, which are of highly competitive prices in the world.
• FDI should be allowed into India selectively from abroad, including from the U.S., based on the economic theory of comparative advantage and not on subsidies and gratis.
• Tenth, tariffs of both India and the U.S. should be lowered, and the Indian rupee should be gradually revalued to ₹35 to a dollar. 
• Later, with the economy picking up, the rupee rate should go below 10 to the dollar.
• The other firm constraint is that India should not provide the U.S. with our troops to enter Tibet, or be involved in the Hong Kong and Taiwan issues because there is always a possibility of a leadership change in China.
• In the cases of Tibet, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, we have made explicit agreements. In the case of Tibet, two formal treaties were signed by Nehru (1954) and A.B. Vajpayee (2003).
• In the last point, in the long run, India, the U.S., and China should form a trilateral commitment for world peace provided Chinese current international policies undergo a healthy change.

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Prelims Questions:

Q.1) With reference to the Khadi Agarbatti Aatmanirbhar Mission, consider the following statements:
1. The program named as “Khadi Agarbatti Aatmanirbhar Mission” aims at creating employment for unemployed and migrant workers in different parts of the country while increasing domestic Agarbatti production substantially.
2. Khadi and Village Industries Commission will provide 25% subsidy on the cost of the machines and will recover the remaining 75% of the cost from the artisans in easy installments every month. 
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.   1 only
B.   2 only
C.   Both 1 and 2
D.   None 

Answer: CS

Mains Questions:
Q.1)What do you mean by the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization and the Central Treaty Organization. Also discuss the evolution of India’s foreign relations.