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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 14 March 2020 (Privacy counts too (Mint))

Privacy counts too (Mint)

Mains Paper 2:Polity
Prelims level:Facial recognition
Mains level: Facial recognition and its implementation challenges

Context:

  • Facial recognition can be of constructive use in numerous fields, but it is fallible and must be regulated to guard against its potential misuse

Background:

  • During a debate in the Lok Sabha on the recent communal riots in Delhi, Union home minister Amit Shah said that facial recognition software had been used to identify rioters.
  • In doing so, he added, voter ID and driver licence databases had been used. This contradicts the Delhi Police’s claim just last month.
  • In response to anRTI, it had said that facial records were being compared only with police databases.
  • The home minister’s statement, however, points to the use of public databases as well.

Privacy concern:

  • While that may aid the identification of culprits, it would also compromise the privacy of citizens.
  • The extent to which .........................................................

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Way forward:

(Free E-book) Weekly Current Affairs Update for IAS Exam VOL-313


Weekly Current Affairs Update for IAS Exams Free Sample

VOL.-313 (01 FEB 2020 - 07 FEB 2020)


Covered Topics:

  • National

  • International

  • Business And Economy

  • Science and Technology

  • Important Article From Various Newspapers

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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 12 March 2020 (The coronavirus dictionary (Indian Express))

The coronavirus dictionary (Indian Express)

Mains Paper 2:International
Prelims level: Pandemic
Mains level: Describe the key terms related to coronavirus

Context:

  • As the coronavirus spreads around the world, new terms are entering the lexicon — and we’re here to help. Here’s a guide to the words and phrases you need to know to keep informed of the latest developments.

Highlights the key terms:

Pandemic:

  • A pandemic is the worldwide spread of a new disease that affects large numbers of people.

Epidemic:

  • An epidemic is a regional outbreak of an illness that spreads unexpectedly, according to the WHO. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines it as an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above normal expectations in a set population.

COVID-19:

  • The technical name for the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2. The respiratory disease it causes has been named the “coronavirus disease 2019,” or COVID-19.
  • Coronaviruses are named............................................

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State of emergency:

  • A state of emergency can be declared during natural disasters, epidemics and other public health emergencies.

Incubation:

  • The incubation period is the time it takes for symptoms to appear after a person is infected.
  • This time can be critical for prevention and control, and it allows health officials to quarantine or observe people who may have been exposed to the virus.
  • During the incubation period, people may shed infectious virus particles before they exhibit symptoms, making it almost impossible to identify and isolate people who have the virus.

Social distancing:

  • Social distancing refers to measures that are taken to increase the physical space between people to slow the spread of the virus.
  • Examples include .............................................................

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Self-quarantine:

  • This is key to keeping the virus from spreading, along with measures like social distancing, frequent hand-washing and wearing masks.
  • While isolation refers to separating sick people from people who aren’t sick, quarantine refers to the separation and restriction of movement of people who were exposed to the virus to see if they become sick.

Fatality rate:

  • The case fatality rate is the number of deaths divided by the total number of confirmed cases. Eventually, scientists hope to have a more comprehensive number called the infection fatality rate, which includes everyone who was infected with the virus.
  • The WHO estimates the fatality rate of the new coronavirus to be about 3%, based on current data, but experts suggest 1% is more realistic.

R-naught:

  • The R-naught, or R0, is a virus’s basic reproductive number — an epidemiologic metric used to describe the contagiousness of infectious agents.

Containment

THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 12 March 2020 (Epidemic Diseases Act(Indian Express))

Epidemic Diseases Act(Indian Express)

Mains Paper 2:Health
Prelims level: Epidemic Diseases Act
Mains level: Provisions of the Epidemic Diseases Act 1897

Context:

  • On Wednesday (March 11), it was decided in a Cabinet Secretary meeting that states and Union Territories should invoke provisions of Section 2 of Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897, so that Health Ministry advisories are enforceable.
  • At present, at least 60 COVID-19 cases have been confirmed in India. Around the world, more than 119,100 people have been infected and nearly 4,300 have died, according to a Reuters tally of government announcements.
  • The Epidemic Diseases Act is routinely enforced across the country for dealing with outbreaks of diseases such as swine flu, dengue, and cholera.

History of the 1897 Epidemic Diseases Act:

  • The colonial government introduced the Act to tackle the epidemic of bubonic plague that had spread in the erstwhile Bombay Presidency in the 1890s.
  • Using powers conferred by ...................................

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Provisions of the 1897 Epidemic Diseases Act:

  • The Act, which consists of four sections, aims to provide “for the better prevention of the spread of Dangerous Epidemic Diseases.”
  • Section 2 empowers state governments/UTs to take special measures and formulate regulations for containing the outbreak. It reads:
  • “Power to take special measures and prescribe regulations as to dangerous epidemic disease.—
  • When at any time the State .................................................

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Examples of implementation:

  • In 2018, the district collector of Gujarat’s Vadodara issued a notification under the Act declaring the Khedkarmsiya village in Waghodia taluka as cholera-affected after 31 persons complained of symptoms of the disease.
  • In 2015, to deal with malaria and dengue in Chandigarh, the Act was implemented and controlling officers were instructed to ensure the issuance of notices and challans of Rs 500 to offenders.
  • In 2009, to tackle the swine flu outbreak in Pune, Section 2 powers were used to open screening centres in civic hospitals across the city, and swine flu was declared a notifiable disease.

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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 12 March 2020 (Threshold in orbit (Mint))

Threshold in orbit (Mint)

Mains Paper 3: Science and Tech
Prelims level:Reusable rocket system
Mains level:Reusable rocket system and its key benefits

Context:

  • A rocket system that can ferry people back and forth between earth and orbit is the threshold for the leap to the planets and the stars.

Background:

  • Space entrepreneur Elon Musk, long criticised for setting unrealistic deadlines, and then criticised some more for trying to meet them with an inhuman work schedule, has done it again.
  • He threatens to put a prototype of his heavy and reusable rocket Starship into orbit in six months. It’s a deadline that even the engineers of the Apollo 11 mission, who won the race to space, would have balked at, and they had a government budget and a huge space industry at their command.

Reusable rocket system:

  • A reusable rocket system — rather than single-use rockets for every flight — is the Holy Grail of space exploration.
  • A rocket system that .............................................

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Why is Musk in such a hurry to extend consciousness beyond earth?

  • It is because he believes that consciousness is up to no good down here.
  • Musk has repeatedly sounded warnings about artificial intelligence, currently the Holy Grail of communications technology, running wild.
  • Even if the AIs don’t get us, climate change will. It appears certain that extreme events at shorelines will be experienced by people alive today.
  • Against this grim backdrop, the sands of Mars as depicted by Edgar Rice Burroughs may seem inviting, and reaching earth orbit would be the first leg of the journey to safety.

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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 12 March 2020 (Happy seeder (The Hindu))

Happy seeder (The Hindu)

Mains Paper 3:Environment
Prelims level: Happy Seeder
Mains level: Initiatives taken towards tackling environment pollution

Context:

  • Punjab farmers have sown 4.50 lakh hectares (lh) wheat areathis time using Happy Seeders. This is nearly 13% of the total35.08 lh planted under the rabi cereal crop in the state. Notbad, it would seem, for a relatively new technology, whichallows wheat to be directly seeded in combine-harvestedpaddy fields without any need to burn leftover stubble or loosestraw that is a source of environmental pollution.
  • This article discusses a simple, practical and cost-effectivesolution (Happy Seeder) to deal with the problem of airpollution in Delhi NCR region.

What do you mean by Happy Seeder?

  • Happy Seeder is a machine that can plant the wheatseed without getting jammed by the rice straw.

Why do we need Happy Seeder?

  • It is believed that much of the pollution in Delhi in wintersevery year originates in the neighboring states of Punjaband Haryana where farmers burn their fields to dispose of
    crop residue.
  • This in fact is a simple, practical way to eliminate most ofthe smog that envelopes Delhi and the entire northwest ofthe country every November.
  • At this time of the year,...............................................................

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Benefits of happy seeder:

  • Happy Seeder removes the need to burn rice stubble before planting wheat, therefore reducing air pollution.
  • Direct sowing also ......................................................

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Way forward:

THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 12 March 2020 (Smog towers and antismog guns(The Hindu)) Primary tabs

Smog towers and antismog guns(The Hindu)

Mains Paper 3:Environment
Prelims level: Smog towers
Mains level: Uses of Smog towers to curb smog

Context:

  • The Supreme court has recently approved deployment of Smogtowers and Anti-Smog guns to fight air pollution. In thiscontext, let us understand Smog and the functioning of theseinstruments.

The condition of air pollution in India:

  • According to WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution,Delhi is the most polluted of any major city in the world. Italso affects the districts around Delhi.
  • Air pollution in India is estimated to kill about 2.5 millionpeople every year; it is the fifth largest killer in India.
  • India has the world's highest death rate from chronicrespiratory diseases and asthma, according to the WHO. InDelhi, poor quality air irreversibly damages the lungs of 2.2million or 50 percent of all children.
  • In this context, Supreme court has allowed the trial ofSmog towers and anti-smog guns.

What is smog?

  • Smog is basically derived from the merging of two words;smoke and fog. Smog is also used to describe the type offog which has smoke or soot in it.
  • Smog is a yellowish or blackish fog formed mainly by amixture of pollutants in the atmosphere which consists offine particles and ground-level ozone. Smog which occursmainly because of air pollution can also be defined as amixture of various gases with dust and water vapor. Smogalso refers to hazy air that makes breathing difficult.

How the smog is formed?

  • The atmospheric pollutants or gases that form smog arereleased in the air when fuels are burnt. When sunlightand its heat react with these gases and fine particles in theatmosphere, smog is formed. It is ..............................................................

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What are the devasting effects of smog?

  • Smog is harmful and it is evident from the componentsthat form it and effects that can happen from it.
  • It is harmful to humans, animals, plants, and nature as awhole. Many people deaths were recorded, notably, thoserelating to bronchial diseases. Heavy smog is responsiblefor decreasing UV radiation greatly. Thus heavy smogresults in low production of the crucial natural elementvitamin D leading to cases of rickets among people.
  • When a city or town gets covered in smog, the effects arefelt immediately. Smog can be responsible for any ailmentfrom minor pains to deadly pulmonary diseases such aslung cancer. Smog is well known for .......................................................................

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Smog towers:

  • A smog tower is a large vertical structure designed aslarge-scale air purifier to reduce air pollution particles.
  • It has been fitted ..............................................

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Difference with the Chinese smog tower:

  • The purifier will be different from China's Smog Tower inthe sense that it won't depend on the ionization technique to clean the air. The ionisation of air does not eradicate the pollutants but works by separating thepollutants from the oxygen, which could be a part of theproblem itself.

Anti-smog guns:

Current Public Administration Magazine (FEBRUARY 2019)


Sample Material of Current Public Administration Magazine


1. Accountability and Responsibility

Rule of Law

It really has been a bleak winter for the Delhi Police — starting with the clashes with lawyers in November, then the clashes with students in Jamia in December, which contributed a great deal to the ongoing protests in Shaheen Bagh, the allegations of inaction during campus violence in JNU in January, finally culminating in the communal violence in February that has left at least 47 dead and several hundred injured. Public trust and confidence in the police seems to be at an all-time low. It will be a long haul trying to restore it; not just in Delhi, but across the country.

<< Read More >>

2. Indian Government and Politics

Courts Must Intervene

Nelson Mandela said that there can be no keener revelation of a society‟s soul than the way in which it treats its children. How is our society treating our children today? The treatment of children detained in Kashmir and the reaction to serious allegations of illegal detention made in a public interest litigation (PIL) are simply stupefying. The Chief Justice of the High Court was asked by the Supreme Court to report on the allegations, which she did. The contents of the report were not disclosed and it was discarded. A committee of judges of the High Court then forwarded a report given by the police, which admitted the illegal detention of many children.

<< Read More >>

3. Significant Issues in Indian Administration

Women to Achieve Her Potential

On March 8, we honour and celebrate women on the occasion of the International Womens Day. Women in our country are making strides in social, financial and political fields. It brings me great personal joy to write a few words to commemorate this day dedicated to women. Be it the 1857 mutiny for India freedom or the struggle for Independence, our women have always made India proud. Even today, women are performing their duties with full devotion for the development of the country and upliftment of the society: They are working efficiently in various fields, such as academics, literature, music and dance, sports, media, business, information technology, science and technology, politics and social development.

<< Read More >>

4. Current Topic

Anti-CAA protests

Analytically, we have to admit that the anti-CAA protests have, for the moment, reached a strategic dead end. Many protestors, especially in Shaheen Bagh, have displayed the Gandhian virtues of courage and steadfastness. The protests politicised new constituencies, including women and students, and provided the glimmer that the republic would not topple over. But the protests risked running up against three dominant narratives of our contemporary moment: Communalism, authoritarianism and elite cohesion. These narratives have, for now, trapped the movement into being a curiosity at best, a pretext at worst. The movement revealed more about contemporary India, than it has succeeded at resistance. The anti-CAA movement was poignant in its use of a new constitutional language to resist the evisceration of citizenship. It held on to that language despite grave provocation from the state, and a despairing lack of support from independent institutions. But the ruling dispensation was keen to portray it as a communal movement. It portrayed it as a velvet glove in which the iron fist of jihad was cloaked. If one moves out of our echo chambers, it must be admitted that this narrative succeeded to a shocking degree. The ruling dispensation will accelerate this narrative in coming days. The second was the violence in Delhi, which, even more than the violence in UP, allowed the communal shadow to hang over the movement.

<< Read More >>

5. Financial Administration

Secular Hypocrisies

The mob frenzy in Delhi which has claimed at least 23 lives — including of policeman Ratan Lal — unlike communal disturbances in the past, is not a consequence of an immediate provocation or local feuds. It is sociologically distinct in nature. Since the 1990s, a generation of Indians has been groomed in predominantly Marxist and Nehruvian intellectual and political discourses. These theories construed a notion of Hindu majoritarianism as a threat to the political rights and identities of the minorities, especially Muslims. The old narrative of secularism, espoused by both the political and intellectual class, witnessed challenges from the new Hindutva thought leadership and the mass upsurge against the politics and policy of appeasement. Whenever cultural and social issues are fought politically, bitter binaries are created.

<< Read More >>

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Study Materials For Public Administration

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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 11 March 2020 (Five-day week for state employees(Indian Express))

Five-day week for state employees(Indian Express)

Mains Paper 4:Ethics
Prelims level:Not much
Mains level: Initiatives taken towards improvingwork culture in government organisations

Context:

  • The Prem Singh Tamang (Golay) government in Sikkim has withdrawn its decision to have a five-day week for staff government and public sector unit employees.
  • Chief Secretary S C Gupta has said that with effect from April 1, 2020, only the second and fourth Saturdays of every month will be a holiday, apart from Sundays.

When and why did Sikkim start having five-day weeks?

  • The government’s notification modifies its earlier notification of May 28, 2019, which was issued the day after Chief Minister Golay was sworn in, marking the end of the nearly 25-year rule of his predecessor, Pawan Kumar Chamling.
  • Golay had described the decision ..........................................

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But isn’t a five-day week the general direction in which progressive societies are moving?

  • Nearly all of the advanced Western world, as well as countries like China, Russia, Brazil, and South Africa, do indeed, work Monday-Friday in the normal course.
  • In India, the Maharashtra government recently announced a Monday-Friday week, while increasing the daily working hours by 45 minutes to make up for the loss of work time.
  • Several other states already follow a five-day week, while others give employees a holiday on every second and fourth Saturday of each month.

How exactly does an extra holiday every week help?

  • The idea of a five-day week follows research that appears to show that a shorter workweek enhances efficiency and productivity of employees in the long run by reducing stress and improving their physical and mental well being.
  • It also helps cut costs for governments ..................................................

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Conclusion:

  • Many progressive observers now feel that even a five-day week is unnecessary and possibly counter-productive, and that a four- or even three-day week would be a better alternative keeping concerns of work-life balance, employee health, and climate change in mind.
  • However, no two situations and economies are identical, and national policymakers all over the world make decisions based on their assessments of what is the best for their people and situation.

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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 11 March 2020 (To push pulses cultivation(Indian Express))

To push pulses cultivation(Indian Express)

Mains Paper 3:Economy
Prelims level:Pulses cultivation
Mains level: Boosting pulses cultivation

Context:

  • Punjab Agriculture Department is busy distributing moong dal seed kits to farmers these days during the ongoing sowing season aimed at pushing pulses cultivation in the state.

What is the total area under pulses in Punjab?

  • Punjab is the highest contributor of wheat and paddy to the national pool, it lags behind in cultivation of pulses. In Punjab, mainly moong, mash and arhar pulses are grown.
  • In 2019, there was 11,700 hectares (28,899 acres) area under pulses including moong, mash, and arhar in the state, out of around 39.69 lakh hectares under agricultural crops. This area is not even one percent (0.74 per cent) of the total agricultural area of Punjab.

What was the status of pulses cultivation in the past?

  • The data sourced from the Punjab Agriculture department revealed that there was 56,000 hectares (1,38,320 acres) under pulses in 1980-81 with a total production of 42,003 tonnes (4.20 lakh quintals), which went up to ........................................................

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Why Punjab now wants to increase its area under pulses?

  • Farmers are already reeling under an agrarian crisis and this can boost their income. Punjab is a leading state in wheat and paddy production but it is totally lagging behind in pulses and dependent on the other states.
  • Sources in the Agriculture Department said that Punjab is not even growing 3 per cent of pulses against the total requirement of the state.
  • According to the estimates of the Agriculture Department, Punjab needs nearly 6 lakh tonnes (0.6 million tonnes) pulses annually while its current production is around 10,000 tonnes only.

How pulses cultivation can help Punjab farmers?

  • Moong cultivation provides farmers with an opportunity to have a third crop in a year. Moreover, moong being a leguminous crop, it is beneficial for the soil as it helps in nitrogen fixation and contributes to improving the soil fertility.
  • In Punjab, the most suitable time for cultivating pulses is during spring/summer months from March to May.
  • This is the same time when lakhs of hectares of land in Punjab remains vacant after wheat and potato harvesting for over two months. Farmers take advantage of this period.
  • The pulses can be sown immediately after the harvesting of potatoes and wheat as the fields remain empty for 65 to 80 days after potato and wheat harvesting, respectively, while the duration of moong/mash dal is only 65 days and is easily harvested before paddy sowing by the third week of June.

How much a farmer can earn from growing moong dal?

  • Chief Agriculture Officer, Jalandharsaid that farmers can get 5-6 quintals moong per acre (12-14 quintals per hectare) which translates to Rs 35,000 to Rs 42,000 per acre if he gets the MSP of moong decided .......................................

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What is government doing on the ground?

THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 11 March 2020 (India needs all hands on deck (Indian Express))

India needs all hands on deck (Indian Express)

Mains Paper 2:Health
Prelims level:COVID-19
Mains level: Health preparedness infrastructure across the country

Context:

  • World Health Organization (WHO) recognised the Pune-based National Institute of Virology (NIV) as one of the 15 laboratories that would provide reference testing support for the novel coronavirus.
  • The number of COVID-19 cases remained constant at three for nearly a month in India, but now it is going up steadily. Anticipating such a scenario, more labs are screening COVID-19 samples now.
  • Besides the 52 labs belonging to the Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratories network of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), 10 labs under the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) have been included for testing COVID-19 samples.

Testing COVID-19 sample process:

  • All the 52 labs were allowed to only screen samples; only NIV was authorised to confirm positive cases.
  • With more suspected cases piling up, ................................................

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Sequencing the genome:

  • NIV is the only lab in India which has a bio-safety level-4 (BSL-4) facility to culture pathogenic, novel viruses, study the origin of such viruses and provide a comprehensive characterisation of them by sequencing the entire viral genome.
  • NIV has sequenced the SARS-CoV-2 genome collected from two patients in Kerala.
  • The entire genome is sequenced it helps researchers understand the arrangement of the four chemical entities or bases that make up the DNA or RNA.
  • The differences in the arrangement of the bases make organisms different from one another.
  • Sequencing the genome of SARS-CoV-2 will help us understand where the virus came from and how it spread.
  • Many national laboratories have developed the expertise to sequence the entire genome of viruses and bacteria using the latest equipment (next-generation sequencing, or NGS).
  • About a dozen labs have a BSL-3 facility to inactivate the virus and sequence the genome using advanced equipment. They also have the expertise to undertake such work.

Unutilised expertise in India

  • Around 75,000 samples of H1N1 during the 2009-2010 outbreak. We have a BSL-3 facility and the latest sequencing equipment.
  • During the 2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala, .....................................................

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How China built capacity?

  • China was completely unprepared when the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) struck in 2002-2003.
  • The outbreak infected over 8,000 people globally and killed nearly 800. The bird flu (H5N1) outbreak that followed in 2003 underscored the need for influenza detection and response in China.
  • This led to a collaboration between the Chinese National Influenza Center and the Atlanta-based Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2004 to build capacity in influenza surveillance in China.

Way ahead:

  • It led to developed human technical expertise in virology and epidemiology, a comprehensive influenza surveillance system, strengthened analysis, the dissemination of surveillance data, and improved early response to influenza viruses with pandemic potential.
  • By 2014, the national influenza surveillance and response system included 408 labs and 554 sentinel hospitals.
  • Today, there is a Centre for Disease Control and Prevention in each of the 31 provinces in mainland China.
  • The infrastructure and capacity-building that was put in place by China for influenza surveillance stood in good stead when the H1N1 pandemic struck in 2009.

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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 11 March 2020 (Biju Patnaik and his importance to modern day Odisha(Indian Express))

Biju Patnaik and his importance to modern day Odisha(Indian Express)

Mains Paper 1:History
Prelims level: Biju Patnaik
Mains level: The Freedom Struggle - its various stages and important contributors

Context:

  • On the occasion of the 104th birth anniversary of former Odisha chief minister Biju Patnaik, Prime Minister Narendra Modi tweeted an Intelligence Bureau document from 1945 to show how Patnaik bravely lent his flying skills ............................................

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About him:

  • Born 1916, Biju Patnaik went on be trained as a pilot and then joined the Royal Indian Air Force when the Second World War began.
  • Loyal to the Allied forces, he fearlessly evacuated British families when Japan advanced. However, Patnaik had a second loyalty, that to the Indian national movement.
  • He had been inspired by Mahatma Gandhi when he was 13 and while part of the Second World War, he distributed leaflets of Gandhi’s Quit India movement among Indian soldiers part of the British army.

Role of him in freedom struggle:

  • While promoting the cause of the nationalist uprising in India, he also played an important role in the independence struggle in Indonesia where the native population was battling the Dutch.
  • Patnaik’s efforts in rescuing prime minister Sutan Sjahrir made him exceptionally popular in Indonesia and earned him the epithet “bhoomi putra” (son of the soil).
  • The first president of Indonesia, Sukarno named his daughter ‘Megawati Sukarnoputri”, meaning cloud Goddess, on the suggestion of Biju Patnaik.
  • She went on to become the president of Indonesia between 2001 and 2004. His brave skills as a pilot was called into action once again in October 1947 when he saved Kashmir from Pakistani raiders.

Post-independence movement:

  • Post independence Patnaik was elected as part of the Odisha Legislative Assembly and in 1961 he became president of the state Congress.
  • However, he soon had a fall out with Indira ..........................................

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Importance to modern day Odisha:

  • He was also a firm believer of renaissance and often invoked the greatness of the Kalinga dynasty, in order to motivate the people of Odisha to dream of a brighter future. “In my dream of the 21st century for the state, I would have young men and women who put the interest of the State before them.”
  • They will have pride in themselves, confidence in themselves. They will not be at anybody’s mercy, except their own selves.
  • By their brains, intelligence and capacity, they will recapture the history of Kalinga,” said Patnaik back in 1992.
  • His obsession with Kalinga evident from the number of establishments in Odisha that have been named after the first millennium BC kingdom.

Way forward:

  • It is Biju himself and not Kalinga whose name is often invoked for claiming a past of glory and pride in the state.
  • The Biju Patnaik International Airport, the Biju Patnaik National Steel Institute (BPNSI) and the Biju Patnaik University of Technology are some of the modern establishments which continue to commemorate the firebrand personality of Patnaik.

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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 11 March 2020 (Scoring low: on lack of power in schools (The Hindu))

Scoring low: on lack of power in schools (The Hindu)

Mains Paper 2:Governance
Prelims level:International Solar Alliance
Mains level: Developing electricity and other infrastructure in government schools

Context:

  • As a founder-leader of the International Solar Alliance, India has not yet electrified a significant number of government schools.
  • While extolling the elegance and virtue of photovoltaic electricity to the rest of the world.

Highlights of the human development report:

  • The lack of power in schools is taken note of by the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Human Resource Development in its latest report on budgetary grants for school education and literacy for 2020-21.
  • Under the framework of concurrent powers, the Centre operates its own schemes and sponsors several school education programmes covering the States, notably Samagra Shiksha and the Mid Day Meal scheme.
  • As the panel found from data for 2017-18, only 56.45% of government schools had electricity and 56.98% a playground, while almost 40% lacked a boundary wall.
  • In Uttar Pradesh, almost 70% of schools lacked electricity.
  • Other depressing insights from the district information database as of end-2019, are: neglect of toilet construction for children with special needs, failure to build toilets for girls in a third of secondary schools and laboratories for higher secondary science students.
  • The tardy progress on such important facilities, in spite of the projects having been sanctioned, shows the low priority that school education is being accorded.

Steps needed to be taken:

  • The NDA government did at the launch of its second term was a ‘100-day programme’ for education, focused in part on training of schoolteachers and opening of central schools.
  • It should be possible to bring the same .....................................

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Conclusion:

THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 10 March 2020 (5G shouldn’t be rolled out in a hurry(Mint))

5G shouldn’t be rolled out in a hurry(Mint)

Mains Paper 3: Science and Tech
Prelims level:5G
Mains level: Challenges towards implementation of 5G technology in India

Context:

  • In April 2019, South Korea became the first country in the world to roll-out a nationwide 5G network. 5G is key for countries looking to capitalize on future technology.

Context to India:

  • India’s National Digital Communications Policy 2018 highlights the importance of 5G when it states that the convergence of a cluster of revolutionary technologies including 5G, the cloud, Internet of Things (IoT) and data analytics,..............................................

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What is 5G?

  • 5G is the next generation of mobile broadband that will eventually replace, or at least augment 4G LTE connection.
  • 5G offers exponentially faster download and upload speeds.
  • 5G will deliver multi-Gbps peak rates, ultra-low latency, massive capacity, and a more uniform user experience.
  • Latency, or the time it takes devices to communicate with wireless networks, will also drastically decrease.
  • A government panel report points out that with 5G, the peak network data speeds are expected to be in the range of 2-20 Gigabit per second (Gbps).
  • This is in contrast to 4G link speeds in averaging 6-7 Megabit per second (Mbps) in India as compared to 25 Mbps in advanced countries.
  • KPMG in its report, released at the Indian Mobile Congress 2019, predicts the cumulative impact of 5G in India at $1 trillion by 2035.

Uses of 5G:

  • 5G will help in creating cyber-physical networks which not only interconnect people, but also interconnect and control machines, objects, and devices. It will deliver new levels of performance and efficiency that will empower new user experiences and connect new industries.
  • Due to high-speed, high-reliability, ...............................................................

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Why should India not hurry rollout of 5G?

Expensive Enabling Infrastructure:

  • Besides the spectrum, 5G will require a fundamental change to the core architecture of the communication system. The major flaw of data transfer using 5G is that it can't carry data over longer distances. Hence, 5G needs to be augmented to enable infrastructure.
  • A report on 5G by Deloitte stated that rolling out 5G might require an additional investment of $60-70 billion.
  • Simply upgrading the existing long-termevolution core will not be able to support the various requirements of all 5G use cases.

5G-A Critical Infrastructure:

  • 5G due to its expansive applications forms the part of critical infrastructure. This makes the consequences of the networks failing or being deliberately sabotaged in a cyber-attack significantly more serious.
  • Critical infrastructure is the body of systems, networks and assets that are so essential that their continued operation is required to ensure the security of a given nation, its economy, and the public's health and/or safety.
  • Huawei is a Chinese firm that owns the majority of 5G technology in the world. However, 5G is critical infrastructure, India is of view that any dependence on China for critical infrastructure could compromise India's security.

Financial Hurdles:

  • Telecom industry body Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI) has also expressed concerns about the financial health of the telecom sector (AGR issue).
  • The COAI has also pointed out that 5G is overpriced by at least 30% to 40% compared to international standards and auction in other markets such as South Korea and the U.S.
  • Additionally, the debt-ridden telecom industry of the country has indicated apprehension towards even bidding for 5G airwaves given their weak financial situation.

Price Sensitivity:

  • Device cost is of relevance to a price-sensitive market such as ours.
  • 5G smartphone models are ....................................

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Way Forward:

  • Regulatory frameworks will also need to evolve to keep pace with this change. In this context, there is a need for India to enact a data protection law.
  • There is a need to set up universal standards and procedure for seamless integration of services and infrastructure under 5G.
  • In order to deal with the concern of technical companies (like in case of Huawei) leaking critical information, a “no-backdoor” agreement with the Indian government and telecom companies will ensure that no snooping is allowed on its network.
  • In order to mitigate initial high cost for establishing enabling infrastructure for 5G, base stations might move to drones or balloons to ensure that the Internet of Everything is also the Internet of Everywhere.
  • This new revolution will take access to connectivity and, through it, access to knowledge to vast sections of the population, and entire geographies that have been cut off so far.
  • India needs to invest in research and development in technologies related to critical infrastructure and strive to indigenize them as soon as possible.

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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 10 March 2020 (The cost of a yes to a bank rescue act(The Hindu))

The cost of a yes to a bank rescue act(The Hindu)

Mains Paper 3: Economy
Prelims level:AT1 bonds
Mains level: Highlights the main plunks of Yes Bank crisis

Context:

  • The revival package announced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to rescue insolvent Yes Bank smacks of desperation.
  • Having placed a moratorium on the bank’s activities and capping withdrawals by depositors at Rs.50,000, the government has called upon the State Bank of India (SBI), to lead the rescue.
  • The SBI, which has its own share of problems to resolve, has responded with alacrity.
  • Even before undertaking due diligence, SBI Chairman Rajnish Kumar has announced that his bank is willing to outlay as much as Rs.10,000 crore to recapitalise ailing Yes Bank and restore it to health.
  • There is little doubt that the SBI is merely acting at the government’s bidding.

The SBI ‘lifeline’

  • The RBI, which has drafted the “Yes Bank Ltd Reconstruction Scheme, 2020”, has made the SBI the anchor investor in Yes Bank equity, paying a premium of at least Rs.8 on a share with face value of Rs.2, and purchasing as many shares as needed to acquire a 49% stake.
  • Simultaneously, the authorised ............................................................

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Possible economic reaction:

  • Moreover, firms and agents dependent on Yes Bank for credit to keep them in business may find their operations disrupted and new credit lines difficult to find. That could lead to their defaulting on debt they owe other creditors.
  • There would also be adverse spin-off effects on investors in bonds and instruments issued by Yes Bank, triggering turmoil in other parts of the financial system.
  • SBI Chairman justifies the SBI’s action on the grounds that Yes Bank cannot be allowed to fail since that “would have consequences for the Indian economy”.
  • That danger arises because the intervention has been much delayed.
  • There have been reports of governance failures, accounting irregularities and balance sheet weaknesses at Yes Bank for more than two years now. It is because of the delay that escalated intervention is unavoidable.

The main planks:

  • The RBI’s restructuring plan seems to be based on three principles.
  • The government is not expected .......................................

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Issuing AT1 bonds:

  • The RBI has implicitly provided for this possibility in its restructuring plan.
  • It has announced that additional tier 1 bonds (AT1 bonds) issued by Yes, totalling close to Rs.11,000 crore, “shall stand written down permanently, in full, with effect from the appointed date”.
  • AT1 bonds offer investors a higher return because of the higher risk associated with them, including the possibility of being written down when a bank’s equity base is under threat.
  • But investors, who bought into these bonds because of a thirst for higher yields are likely to approach the courts, hampering the restructuring process.
  • Overall, given uncertainties of this kind and the gloomy economic climate, investors may not be willing to outlay large sums on equity of a shaky bank.

The approach and flaws:

  • Investigations into the dealings of Yes Bank co-founder Rana Kapoor point to quid pro quopayments to family-controlled shell companies in return for large loans to entities such as DHFL, which were already stressed.
  • The government has ...............................................

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Conclusion:

THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 10 March 2020 (Oil’s rout: on fall in prices (The Hindu))

Oil’s rout: on fall in prices (The Hindu)

Mains Paper 3: Economy
Prelims level:OPEC countries
Mains level: Impact of decreasing oil prices in global economy

Context:

  • Global markets, already teetering from the impact of the coronavirus, received a jolt over the weekend as Saudi Arabia cut oil prices and declared its intention to increase output well beyond what the oil market can absorb currently.
  • The Saudi reaction followed the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel and Russia, the largest non-OPEC producer, failing to reach an agreement to deepen existing production cuts to cope with the falling demand.
  • Oil prices crashed overnight by almost a third to $31 a barrel consequent to the kingdom slashing prices and announcing its intent to increase output.
  • The oil market is now set to witness the rare conjunction of a demand and a supply shock which is bad news for prices.

Impact of COVID-19 in oil demand:

  • Fears of a fall in demand following the outbreak of COVID-19 had already depressed oil prices in the last couple of weeks.
  • China, a major importer, ................................

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Impact on the consuming countries:

  • Fall in prices is good news for major consumers such as India and China which depend on imports for a major part of their oil needs.
  • It may be bad news for the big oil companies and the smaller shale oil players who are highly leveraged.
  • A collapse of these shale oil producers may set off defaults in the bond markets, setting off its own non-virtuous spiral starting with the U.S. markets.
  • With stock and bond markets already in turmoil, the price war now set off in oil is only going to make the markets more volatile and murkier.
  • For India though, the sharp dip in oil prices is good news, for now.
  • This will reduce the oil import bill at a time when merchandise exports are likely to suffer due to the freeze in the developed economies.

Maintaining current account deficit:

  • This will keep the current account deficit balanced.
  • The fall in fuel prices will ...........................

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Conclusion:

THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 10 March 2020 (US China trade deal (Indian Express))

US China trade deal (Indian Express)

Mains Paper 2: International Relations
Prelims level:US China trade deal
Mains level: Significance of the US and China trade deal

Context:

  • A protracted trade war between US and China has been going on since America slapped heavy tariffs on imported steel and aluminium items from China in March 2018, and China responded by imposing tariffs on billions of dollars worth of American imports.
  • The dispute escalated after Washington demanded that China reduce its $375 billion trade deficit with the US, and introduce verifiable measures for protection of Intellectual Property Rights, technology transfer, and more access to American goods in Chinese markets.

Background:

  • As per the IMF, the US-China trade tension was one factor that contributed to a significantly weakened global expansion late last year, as it cut its global growth forecast for 2019.
  • It has exacerbated the uncertainty ...........................................

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Key highlights of the deal:

  • In the backdrop of negative impact of trade tension, as mentioned above, US and China has signed the first phase of the trade deal to diffuse the tension. This includes:
  • Intellection Property (IP) Protection and Enforcement,
  • ending forced technology .............................................

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Analysis of the deal:

  • The deal shows how the two countries can resolve their differences and find solutions based on dialogue. This historic agreement includes a major commitment by China to make significant reforms in a wide range of critical areas and to make substantial additional purchases of American goods and services in the coming years. It aims to resolve some longstanding American concerns about Chinese trade abuses.
  • However, the accord appears to leave questions about how Washington and Beijing will enforce its terms and prevent further tensions.
  • The deal fails to address structural economic issues that led to the trade conflict, does not fully eliminate the tariffs that have slowed the global economy, and sets hard-to-achieve purchase targets, analysts and industry leaders said.
  • Although the deal could be a boost to U.S. farmers, automakers and heavy equipment manufacturers, some analysts question China's ability to divert imports from other trading partners to the United States.

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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 09 March 2020 (No green shoots of a revival in sight as yet (The Hindu))

No green shoots of a revival in sight as yet (The Hindu)

Mains Paper 3:Economy
Prelims level:National Statistical Office
Mains level: Methodology of GDP growth estimates

Context:

  • On February 28, as per its release calendar, the National Statistical Office (NSO) put out the third quarter gross domestic product (GDP) estimates, that is, for October-December 2019.
  • It showed that domestic output grew at..............................................

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Reveal the data:

  • A closer reading reveals that the latest data release has revised the estimates of the first two quarters of the current year (2019-2020) upwards to 5.6% and 5.1%, from the earlier figures of 5% and 4.5%, respectively.
  • The upward revisions have, perhaps unwittingly, changed the interpretation of the current year’s Q3 estimate: the slowdown has continued, not bottomed out; hence, there is no economic revival in sight as of now.
  • Thus, we have competing views of what the third quarter performance really means for the economy, giving rise to the suspicion of the integrity of the latest revision.

Why did the current year’s Q1 and Q2 GDP estimates get revised upwards?

  • This was simply because the corresponding figures for the previous year (2018-2019) got revised downwards.
  • Many viewed the revision of last year’s estimates as evidence of lack of credibility of the NSO’s revision process.
  • Such doubts are well taken, given the long-standing debate and unresolved disputes on the veracity of GDP figures put out since 2015, when the statistical office released the new series of National Accounts with 2011-2012 as base year.

Constant revisions:

  • GDP is a statistical construct — unlike the temperature on a thermometer — prepared using many bits of quantitative information on an economy’s production, consumption and incomes.
  • Many statistical models and ............................................

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More based on projections

  • Since 1999, quarterly GDP estimates are being prepared, as per the International Monetary Fund (IMF)’s data dissemination standards.
  • Their quality is subpar as the primary data needed quarterly are mostly lacking. For example, nearly one-half of India’s GDP originates in the unorganised sector (including agriculture), whose output is not easily amenable to direct estimation every quarter, given the informal nature of production and employment.
  • Hence, the estimates are obtained as ratios, proportions and projections of the annual GDP estimates.

National Accounts Statistics:

  • The National Accounts Statistics (NAS)-Sources and Methods 2012, the official guide for national accounts estimation, states it as follows: “The production approach is used for compiling the QGDP estimates, in terms of gross value added (GVA) and is broadly based on the benchmark-indicator method.
  • In this method, for each of the industry-groups... a key indicator or a set of key indicators for which data in volume or quantity terms is available on a quarterly basis are used to extrapolate the value of output/value-added estimates of the previous year.
  • In general terms, quarterly estimates of GDP are extrapolations of annual series of GDP.
  • The estimates of GVA by industry are compiled by extrapolating value of output or value-added with relevant indicators.”

What can we make of the disagreements over the quarterly GDP growth estimates for 2019-2020?

  • The revisions were probably in line with the latest changes in the annual estimates (second advance estimates).
  • The press release stated that, Quarterly estimates of the previous years along with the first and second quarterly estimates of 2019-20 released earlier have undergone revision in accordance with the revision policy of National Accounts.
  • There were considerable variations at the sectoral estimates after the revision, which probably contained more noise than information.
  • For now, there is little ground to question the revised estimates based on the publicly available information.

Undeniable decline:

  • However, if we accept the latest data, it is clear, though in an alarming way, that there has been an undeniable decline in the GDP growth rate over seven consecutive quarters, from 7.1% in Q1 of 2018-2019 to 4.7% in Q3 of 2019-2020.
  • Considering that ...................................

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Way forward:

  • India’s quarterly GDP estimates have limited primary information in them. Their revisions are largely extrapolations and projections of the annual figures.
  • Hence, one should be cautious in reading too much into the specific numbers.
  • They are helpful to discern the broad trends in economic activity, which appear grave at the moment.
  • Economic growth continues to drift downwards, from a peak of 7.1% in the first quarter of 2018-19 to 4.7% in the third quarter of the current year.
  • It probably suggests more pain ahead, as the green shoots of economic revival seem nowhere in sight.

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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 09 March 2020 (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(The Hindu))

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(The Hindu)

Mains Paper 2:International
Prelims level:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Mains level: Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate

Context:

  • APEC was established in 1989 as an intergovernmental platform for 21 Pacific Rim member economies to promote free-trade in the region.
  • The grouping is facing the heat of unilateralism and protectionism. Competition and divergence in the form of US-China tensions was on full display at the 2018 APEC summit
  • As a result, a debate pertaining to the question of the forum’s enlargement, with pointed reference to India, has started.

APEC Needs India:

  • Economic strength of India – As the region’s third largest and one of the fastest growing major economy, India presents the most promising market in the wider Asia-Pacific. India’s burgeoning middle class is .......................................

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Conclusion:

  • Strength of the APEC grouping can be gauged from the fact that it represents more than a third of the world population, 47% of global trade and 60% of world GDP.
  • However, declining multilateralism, increasing protectionism and incidents like trade war are creating a pressure on this institution to reform.
  • Hence, it can be said that without India APEC would not only remain incomplete but also unable to reinvent itself. India, on the other hand, will have to ensure economic reforms and openness to qualify for APEC membership.

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THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 09 March 2020 (Don’t blame it on NSO (The Hindu))

Don’t blame it on NSO (The Hindu)

Mains Paper 3: Economy
Prelims level:GDP data
Mains level: Revision of GDP data estimates

Context:

  • To global markets as fears of the coronavirus turning into a world-wide pandemic affected markets adversely, India included (it was also impacted by news of Yes Bank).
  • During all this, the latest GDP data witnessed significant revisions that have gone largely unnoticed.
  • In the last few years there has been a lot of noise regarding the data revisions.
  • While part of it requires closer examination, we must be fair to our statistical system as such revisions are, in large part, due diligence and happen globally.

Background:

  • Let us first look at the history of GDP data revisions. The first table shows the extent of GDP data revisions since FY15, when the new series was introduced.
  • The first column in the table explains the simultaneous revisions that have taken place over the years.
  • The NSO releases the first estimates of any fiscal year in January, revises it in February and then again in May.
  • It revises the previous year estimates in February, alongside the February data release.
  • The primary criticism, apparently, with the current year’s fiscal data is that the revisions in February for 2019-20 and the 4th revision in 2018-19 are almost identical, implying that the sanctity of 5 per cent growth was statistically protected.

Criticism of such revisions:

  • There is precedence to the first and second quarter revisions for the current financial year that happen in February.
  • Example: while in the current fiscal, .....................................................

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Reasons behind the rise of unconditional bias:

  • It is common for such unconditional bias to arise due to the fact that the statistical reporting agency produces releases according to an asymmetric loss function.
  • For example, there may be a preference for an optimistic/pessimistic release in the first stage, followed by a more pessimistic/optimistic one in the later stage.
  • Intuitively, one might argue that the cost of a downward readjustment of the preliminary data is higher than the cost of an upward adjustment.
  • This asymmetric loss function is not so relevant at the reporting stage, but at the forecasting stage.
  • A statistical reporting agency like the NSO simply does not have all the data at hand and has to forecast the values of the yet to be collected data.
  • It is at that moment that the asymmetric loss function comes into play. So, we must be careful about interpreting data revisions by the NSO by attributing ulterior motives as we more often tend to do.

Developing technology to access big data:

  • We must develop an ecosystem that is high quality, timely and accessible.
  • Big data and artificial ..........................

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Way forward:

  • Recent independent research also shows significant divergence between the consumer price index for industrial workers and the consumer price index (urban) in recent times, when in terms of the composition of the basket and the target population, the two are quite similar.
  • But to be fair to both the RBI and the NSO, the volatility of oil prices and structural changes in the economy make the forecasting of inflation and GDP a difficult job indeed.
  • However, we should supplement our existing measurement practices with “big data” to make our statistical system more comprehensive and robust.

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