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(Download) NCERT Book For Class XI : Physics (Part-2)

(Download) NCERT Book For Class XI : Physics (Part-2)

Table of Contents

  • C H A P T E R 9
    MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
    9.1 Introduction
    9.2 Elastic behaviour of solids
    9.3 Stress and strain
    9.4 Hooke’s law
    9.5 Stress-strain curve
    9.6 Elastic moduli
    9.7 Applications of elastic behaviour of materials
  • C H A P T E R 10
    MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
    10.1 Introduction
    10.2 Pressure
    10.3 Streamline flow
    10.4 Bernoulli’s principle
    10.5 Viscosity
    10.6 Reynolds number
    10.7 Surface tension
  • C H A P T E R 11
    THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
    11.1 Introduction
    11.2 Temperature and heat
    11.3 Measurement of temperature
    11.4 Ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature
    11.5 Thermal expansion
    11.6 Specific heat capacity
    11.7 Calorimetry
    11.8 Change of state
    11.9 Heat transfer
    11.10 Newton’s law of cooling
  • C H A P T E R 12
    THERMODYNAMICS
    12.1 Introduction
    12.2 Thermal equilibrium
    12.3 Zeroth law of thermodynamics
    12.4 Heat, internal energy and work
    12.5 First law of thermodynamics
    12.6 Specific heat capacity
    12.7 Thermodynamic state variables and equation of state
    12.8 Thermodynamic processes
    12.9 Heat engines
    12.10 Refrigerators and heat pumps
    12.11 Second law of thermodynamics
    12.12 Reversible and irreversible processes
    12.13 Carnot engine
  • C H A P T E R 13
    KINETIC THEORY
    13.1 Introduction
    13.2 Molecular nature of matter
    13.3 Behaviour of gases
    13.4 Kinetic theory of an ideal gas
    13.5 Law of equipartition of energy
    13.6 Specific heat capacity
    13.7 Mean free path
  • C H A P T E R 14
    OSCILLATIONS
    14.1 Introduction
    14.2 Periodic and oscilatory motions
    14.3 Simple harmonic motion
    14.4 Simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion
    14.5 Velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion
    14.6 Force law for simple harmonic motion
    14.7 Energy in simple harmonic motion
    14.8 Some systems executing SHM
    14.9 Damped simple harmonic motion
    14.10 Forced oscillations and resonance
  • C H A P T E R 15
    WAVES
    15.1 Introduction
    15.2 Transverse and longitudinal waves
    15.3 Displacement relation in a progressive wave
    15.4 The speed of a travelling wave
    15.5 The principle of superposition of waves
    15.6 Reflection of waves
    15.7 Beats
    15.8 Doppler effect

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FREE E-book: HISTORY OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN INDIA By Dr. Abhik Ghosh



(Free E-books) : HISTORY OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN INDIA By Dr. Abhik Ghosh



  • Medium: English

  • E-BOOK NAME : HISTORY OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN INDIA PDF Download

  • Total Pages: 50+

  • PRICE: FREE

  • Hosting Charges: FREE (Limited Time Offer)

  • File Type: PDF File Download Link via Email

CONTENTS:

  • Introduction: The Growth of Indian Anthropology

  • Arthur Llewellyn Basham

  • Christoph Von-Fuhrer Haimendorf

  • Verrier Elwin

  • Rai Bahadur Sarat Chandra Roy

  • Biraja Shankar Guha

  • Dewan Bahadur L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer

  • Govind Sadashiv Ghurye

  • Nirmal Kumar Bose

  • Dhirendra Nath Majumdar

  • Iravati Karve

  • Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia

  • Dharani P. Sen

  • Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas

  • Shyama Charan Dube

  • Surajit Chandra Sinha

  • Prabodh Kumar Bhowmick

  • K. S. Mathur

  • Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi

  • Triloki Nath Madan

  • Shiv Raj Kumar Chopra

  • Andre Beteille

  • Gopala Sarana

  • Conclusions

  • Suggested Readings

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(Download) NCERT Book For Class XI : Physics (Part-1)

(Download) NCERT Book For Class XI : Physics (Part-1)

Table of Contents

  • C H A P T E R-1
    PHYSICAL WORLD
    1.1 What is physics ?
    1.2 Scope and excitement of physics
    1.3 Physics, technology and society
    1.4 Fundamental forces in nature
    1.5 Nature of physical laws
  • C H A P T E R-2
    UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
    2.1 Introduction
    2.2 The international system of units
    2.3 Measurement of length
    2.4 Measurement of mass
    2.5 Measurement of time
    2.6 Accuracy, precision of instruments and errors in measurement
    2.7 Significant figures
    2.8 Dimensions of physical quantities
    2.9 Dimensional formulae and dimensional equations
    2.10 Dimensional analysis and its applications
  • C H A P T E R-3
    MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
    3.1 Introduction
    3.2 Position, path length and displacement
    3.3 Average velocity and average speed
    3.4 Instantaneous velocity and speed
    3.5 Acceleration
    3.6 Kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion
    3.7 Relative velocity
  • C H A P T E R-4
    MOTION IN A PLANE
    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 Scalars and vectors
    4.3 Multiplication of vectors by real numbers
    4.4 Addition and subtraction of vectors – graphical method
    4.5 Resolution of vectors
    4.6 Vector addition – analytical method
    4.7 Motion in a plane
    4.8 Motion in a plane with constant acceleration
    4.9 Relative velocity in two dimensions
    4.10 Projectile motion
    4.11 Uniform circular motion
  • C H A P T E R-5
    LAWS OF MOTION
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 Aristotle’s fallacy
    5.3 The law of inertia
    5.4 Newton’s first law of motion
    5.5 Newton’s second law of motion
    5.6 Newton’s third law of motion
    5.7 Conservation of momentum
    5.8 Equilibrium of a particle
    5.9 Common forces in mechanics
    5.10 Circular motion
    5.11 Solving problems in mechanics
  • C H A P T E R-6
    WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
    6.1 Introduction
    6.2 Notions of work and kinetic energy : The work-energy theorem
    6.3 Work
    6.4 Kinetic energy
    6.5 Work done by a variable force
    6.6 The work-energy theorem for a variable force
    6.7 The concept of potential energy
    6.8 The conservation of mechanical energy
    6.9 The potential energy of a spring
    6.10 Various forms of energy : the law of conservation of energy
    6.11 Power
    6.12 Collisions
  • C H A P T E R-7
    SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION
    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 Centre of mass
    7.3 Motion of centre of mass
    7.4 Linear momentum of a system of particles
    7.5 Vector product of two vectors
    7.6 Angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity
    7.7 Torque and angular momentum
    7.8 Equilibrium of a rigid body
    7.9 Moment of inertia
    7.10 Theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes
    7.11 Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis
    7.12 Dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis
    7.13 Angular momentum in case of rotations about a fixed axis
    7.14 Rolling motion
  • C H A P T E R-8
    GRAVITATION
    8.1 Introduction
    8.2 Kepler’s laws
    8.3 Universal law of gravitation
    8.4 The gravitational constant
    8.5 Acceleration due to gravity of the earth
    8.6 Acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth
    8.7 Gravitational potential energy
    8.8 Escape speed
    8.9 Earth satellite
    8.10 Energy of an orbiting satellite
    8.11 Geostationary and polar satellites
    8.12 Weightlessness
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    Printed Study Material for IAS Exam (UPSC Pre Cum Mains Combo)

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(Download) NCERT Book For Class X : Science

(Download) NCERT Book For Class X : Science

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 : Chemical Reactions and Equations
Chapter 2 : Acids, Bases and Salts
Chapter 3 : Metals and Non-metals
Chapter 4 : Carbon and its Compounds
Chapter 5 : Periodic Classification of Elements
Chapter 6 : Life Processes
Chapter 7 : Control and Coordination
Chapter 8 : How do Organisms Reproduce?
Chapter 9 : Heredity and Evolution
Chapter 10 : Light – Reflection and Refraction
Chapter 11 : Human Eye and Colourful World
Chapter 12 : Electricity
Chapter 13 : Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
Chapter 14 : Sources of Energy
Chapter 15 : Our Environment
Chapter 16 : Management of Natural Resources
Answers

Current Public Administration Magazine (SEPTEMBER 2021)


Sample Material of Current Public Administration Magazine


1.Accountability & Responsibility

  • Linking Aadhaar with voter ID is unconstitutional

This week marks three years since a constitutional bench of the Supreme Court (SC), in Puttaswamy II,shrunk the Aadhaar project to contain its significant privacy risks. Justice D Y Chandrachud’s dissenting opinion was less sanguine about the possibility of containing the technological behemoth. His dissent, which found the Act and project unconstitutional, noted: “The Aadhaar project has failed to account for and remedy the flaws in its framework and design which lead to serious issues of exclusion… Constitutional guarantees cannot be subject to the vicissitudes of technology.”

The government, however, continues to violate the constitutional “red lines” drawn by the judgment. Within a year of the verdict, it amended the Aadhaar Act to permit the use of Aadhaar authentication for telecom and banking services, which the SC had categorically struck down. The government claimed that the Court’s only objection was the lack of a law — when, in fact, it held the expanded use of Aadhaar, especially by private entities, was a disproportional intrusion into the right to privacy. The 2019 amendment, which is pending challenge in the SC, permitted the government to expand the “purposes” that Aadhaar authentication can be used for. In 2020, the government notified the Aadhaar Authentication for Good Governance (Social Welfare, Innovation, Knowledge) Rules, 2020 (Good Governance Rules) to broaden the scope of Aadhaar authentication.

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2. Indian Government and Politics

  • State of parliamentary democracy in India

If one wants instances of callous treatment of the electorate and parliamentary democracy, there is no need to look far. The BJP and the Congress have been guilty of engineering such instances more recently, and that too, in a similar fashion: Both the parties (others are no exception) have taken recourse to the farcical instrument of “cabinet reshuffle”, including change of leadership. The BJP did it in Karnataka, Uttarakhand and UP besides going for a wholesale makeover in Gujarat, while the Congress has done this in Punjab. Some see these as smart moves to ward off the unpopularity of incumbents and clever use of the caste calculus. To be sure, that is how these developments are touted by the parties concerned.

The romanticising of the tactics of the two parties is one reason these moves are not read appropriately and discussed. But it is also possible that we have stopped worrying about matters of principle and long-term implications, and have become hardened realists who do not worry about norms and nuance. Nevertheless, it is worth noting some of the nagging issues these political moves involve.

One such issue is the relation between state units and the central leadership. Both the Congress and BJP have adopted a high command structure of decision making. In the BJP’s case, the authority of the high command stems from its ability to win elections. All office holders are obligated to the high command on account of this. Moreover, the BJP’s high command resides outside of party headquarters — it would be a bit of a political comedy to believe that the party president and/or general secretaries constitute the high command. That de facto high command has created an aura of invincibility around itself. It has won not only two parliamentary elections in a row but a string of decent performances in state elections are also attributed to it. This has produced the centralisation of authority that the party imitates from the Congress of the Indira era. But as in the Yeddyurappa episode, tensions between the high command and self-made state leaders are bound to become a problem for the party.

3.  Social Administration

  • Caste Census in India

A continuous and unabated push towards including caste in the forthcoming census enumeration has finally ended with the Union government position to the Supreme Court stating that it has decided as a matter of policy not to enumerate caste-wise population other than Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. That a decadal exercise, which began 150 years ago, has faced a discontinuation with the pandemic is damaging enough, which will require reconstruction for the year 2021. We are also not sure how the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, who could not conduct the census on time, will be able to add any other additional questions including enumeration of caste. The Election Commission did its job in conducting elections during Covid-19.

The census, the primary source of population data with all its distinct virtues of complete enumeration and levels of disaggregation to the lowest possible administrative unit, has seen gradual improvement in the quality of its content over time. Such improvement in quality has been possible with progress in the technology of data collection on the one hand and computerised validation on the other. In the midst of this uncertain environment of conducting a census that is unavoidable, imposing the collection of caste information may dilute the exercise at the very least and send wrong signals regarding its purpose. Considering the urgency of this exercise, there need to be sincere efforts towards putting systems in place to conduct the population enumeration at the earliest and providing an update of India’s population dynamics in comparable terms to be read against the past. The absence of population enumeration and its discontinuation can have implications for gauging the evolving changes as well as its prospects.

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4. Current Topic

  • Gandhi as Philosopher

It is not often that Gandhi is portrayed as a philosopher. To me, Gandhi is as significant as the Buddha of the Nikayas and the Socrates of Plato’s early dialogues. These three men are unique because, like Confucius of China, they can be credited with inventing philosophical ways of life that were led by ethics as opposed to others led by metaphysics. The Buddha’s philosophical way of life, within a few centuries, got morphed into two different “religious” forms of life — Theravada and Mahayana. Socrates’ philosophy, however, did not suffer the same fate. Hellenistic philosophy, like Stoicism, is still capable of inspiring people the way Confucianism does in China. Unfortunately for Gandhi, the understanding that he was a philosopher is only slowly getting recognised. The credit for recognising Gandhi as a philosopher goes to two philosophers belonging to the Analytic tradition of philosophy — Akeel Bilgrami and Richard Sorabjee. The latter is a historian of Greek and Hellenistic philosophy.

My position is, however, slightly different from that of these two Analytic philosophers. Philosophy was initially practised only in three civilisations — Chinese, Greek and Indian. In these civilisations, philosophy functioned as a way of life distinct from other ways of life that were rooted in a belief in supernatural powers. But even the philosophical ways of life practised in those ancient times could be divided into two categories — a metaphysics-led philosophical way of life and an ethics-led philosophical way of life. Barring the philosophies enunciated by the Buddha, Socrates and Confucius all other philosophies propagated metaphysics-led ways of life.

The basic difference between these ways is that in ethics-led philosophy, the attempt is to transform the practitioner from his/her baser state of being to an ethically higher state of existence and in the process making him/her, at least in the case of Socrates and the Buddha, psychologically self-sufficient. The Buddha called such a condition “Nirvana”. Socrates articulated it by saying “a virtuous person cannot be harmed” to indicate the disappearance of selfishness-induced fears in the practitioner.

5.  Indian Administration

  • IT rules fail the test of constitutionality

Much distance has been covered since February 25, when the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 were notified. The IT Rules were promised as a panacea for the myriad harms caused by social media platforms, digital news media outlets and online video streaming providers. A joint press release issued on the same day by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting stated they are, “a fine blend of liberal touch with gentle self-regulatory framework”. Such claims did not amuse legal experts, policy professionals, industry bodies and even UN Special Rapporteurs as its provisions undermine the rights and freedoms of internet users. In the interest of brevity, an analysis of the IT Rules has been avoided as it has been published earlier (‘Accountability with a cost’, IE, February 26).

Many of the concerns expressed have, over the months, found their way to court. Today, there are more than 18 petitions challenging the constitutionality of the IT Rules in various high courts, with interim orders emerging in three cases. These judicial determinations contain a clear acknowledgement of the dangers posed by the IT Rules and merit a closer examination. The first order of significance was issued on March 10, 2021 by the Kerala High Court in a petition filed by LiveLaw Media which is an online publisher of legal news and analysis. It restrained any action against the petitioner. While a modest victory, the order effectively stays a regulation framed by the central government. Such protections by courts are not made ordinarily, preferred only in instances where a clear injury is evident.

A more extensive determination has been made by the High Court of Bombay in clubbed petitions filed by the entity operating the digital news media platform, The Leaflet, and by journalist Nikhil Wagle. By an order on August 14, 2021, the court has stayed two core provisions of the IT Rules that govern online news media platforms. The order neuters sub-rules (1) and (3) of Rule 9 that required compliance with a “code of ethics” that would be applied by a three-tiered structure presided over by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The order reads like an objective determination, fairly considering the submissions of the government as well as the doctrine of constitutionality for initially presuming the validity of the IT Rules. However, this is cast aside as the court finds that the provisions for media governance go far beyond the allowance permitted by the principal provisions of the Information Technology Act. The court reasons that the compliances under the “code of ethics” either lack the force of law, or have a distinct statutory framework such as under the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act. Beyond such technicalities, the larger danger of the IT Rules glares through when the court observes that, “people would be starved of the liberty of thought and feel suffocated to exercise their right of freedom of speech and expression, if they are made to live in present times of content regulation on the internet with the Code of Ethics hanging over their head as the Sword of Damocles.”

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Current Public Administration Magazine (AUGUST 2021)


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1.Accountability and Responsibility

  • Whose Law, Whose Order?

The words ring loud and clear, lofty, almost dramatic: We, The People of India……. Give to Ourselves This Constitution. And we gave to ourselves the Constitution in order to secure to all, among other objectives, Liberty and Fraternity.

The Preamble to the Constitution of India must be made compulsory reading for every Officer, Minister, Chief Minister and Prime Minister. Each one took an oath under the Constitution. His/her first obligation must be to secure Liberty and promote Fraternity. To enable them to do so, we created a Parliament (for India) and a Legislature (for each state). We tasked the state Legislature to make laws on ‘public order’ and ‘police’ and tasked both Parliament and the Legislature to make laws on ‘criminal law’, criminal procedure’ and ‘preventive detention’.

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2. Indian Government and Politics

  • India needs a refugee Law

Every year, millions of people are forced to abandon their homes in search of safer places to rebuild their lives. According to the UN, over 82.4 million people were forced to leave their homes in 2020 and more than 20 million of them are refugees. Over 200,000 of these refugees are currently in India.

Through its history, India has hosted people fleeing war, conflict and persecution many times — Zoroastrians from Iran, Sri Lankans in the 1980s or Afghans during varied waves of displacement, including the current one. The country also has the experience of rehabilitating Partition refugees.

Welcoming refugees lies at the core of India’s secular, spiritual and cultural values. India has taken part in 49 peacekeeping missions, in which more than 195,000 troops and a significant number of police personnel assisted the UN and international NGOs in conflict-ridden lands. The paradox, therefore, of such a welcoming country not having its own homegrown national refugee framework requires a rethink.

3.  Social Administration

  • Carbon Policy for Agriculture

The Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group – 1 has literally issued a “code red” to humanity as we rush towards a 1.5 degree Celsius hotter planet by 2040. The UK is set to host the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (CoP26) in Glasgow from October 31 to November 12 with a view to accelerate action towards the Paris Agreement’s goals. Union minister for environment, forest and climate change, Bhupender Yadav, says that the focus should be on climate finance and transfer of green technologies at low cost.

Despite developed countries having collectively emitted more than their estimated emission allowances and keeping the arguments of climate justice in mind, the action on the ground is already too late. Nations are still quibbling about historical global emitters and who should take the blame and fix it. But the fact that 22 of the 30 most polluted cities in the world are in India is a major cause of concern. We know well that Delhi is the world’s most polluted capital as per the World Air Quality Report, 2020. For those of us residing in Delhi, the winter months become a challenge as stubble burning in adjoining states and low wind speeds take the AQI beyond 300 on average, with some days going as high as 600 to 800, while the safe limit is below 50.

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4.  Current Topics

  • Social Media business model and public good

No one at Facebook is malevolent, but the incentives are misaligned.” Frances Haugen — the Facebook whistleblower who provided documents to The Wall Street Journal as well as US government agencies about the degree to which the social media giant is aware of, and consciously exploits, the harm its applications cause — hasn’t revealed anything that most people aren’t already aware of. But her interview to 60 Minutes underlines the challenge: There appears to be a fundamental contradiction between how social media is designed and the public good.

The documents leaked by Haugen, and her recent interview, indicate that Facebook’s much-touted “safeguards” against hate speech, incitement to violence as well as content harmful to the mental well-being of young people are, at best, window dressing. For example, under political pressure, the company tweaked its algorithm and gave lower priority to polarising political content ahead of the 2020 US presidential election. But, as soon as the polls were over, it removed these safeguards, an action Haugen believes was at least partially responsible for the riots at the Capitol in Washington on January 6. The company also seems aware of the role it has played in inciting ethnic violence in certain parts of the world. There are documents detailing how Instagram, one of its most prolific products, increases notions of shame around the body and depression among teenage girls. But, according to Haugen, since teenagers suffering from these issues tend to fall deeper into social media, little is done to address them.

5.  Indian  Administration

  • India needs an urbanization policy

Cities are drivers of economic growth. As India urbanises, it must ensure that its cities offer a decent quality of life and facilitate job creation. These imperatives are fundamental to India’s ambitions of becoming a five trillion-dollar economy by 2025 and a 10 trillion-dollar economy by 2030.

From a population of 377 million in 2011, Indian cities are projected to house 870 million people by 2050, according to the UN’s projections — by far the highest among all nations. Delhi is likely to become the world’s most populous urban agglomeration by 2030, surpassing Tokyo. Clearly, a major demographic transformation is taking place.

Notwithstanding their criticality, cities face several challenges today. Inadequate affordable housing has meant that almost one-sixth of the urban population lives in slums. Water supply is unreliable. Mountains of solid waste sit on the fringes of our cities. Poor drainage, congested roads and deteriorating air quality are other challenges. For our growth ambitions to succeed, not only do these gaps have to be filled, but even greater needs, necessitated by the growing population, have to be accommodated. Estimates by a high-powered expert committee and by the McKinsey Global Institute indicated in 2011-12 that nearly Rs 39-60 lakh crore are to be invested in urban infrastructure in the next 30 years.

These amounts are outside the range of what the public budget can support.

The need is for a well-thought-out urbanisation policy to guide the planning and management of cities towards accommodating and enabling India’s growth ambitions and also assuring its residents a good quality of life, in a sustainable manner. In this piece, we highlight some of the key issues that such a policy should address.

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