Topic: National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) (2005-2012)

Question: Discuss in brief the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) .

Answer : National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) (2005-2012) : Health is an important determinant of economic and social development. Recognising the significance of health, to improve the quality of life of citizens, government of India has launches the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) to carry out necessary architectural correction in the basic health care delivery system. The goal of the mission is to improve the availability of and access to quality health care by people, especially those residing in rural areas, the poor, women and children.

State of Public Health

The public health expenditure has declined from 1.3% of GDP in 1990 to 0.9% of GDP in 1999. The union govt. contribution to public health expenditure is 15% while state contribution is 85%. There is lack of community ownership of public health programme. Health care services have striking regional inequalities. The curative services favour the non-poor: for every Rs. 1 spent on the poorest 20% population, Rs. 3 is spent on richest quintile. Only 10% of Indians have some form of health insurance which is mostly inadequate. Hospitalised Indians spend on an average 58% of their total annual expenditure. Over 40% of hospitalised Indians borrow heavily or sell assets to cover expenses. Over 25% of hospitalised Indians fall below poverty line because of hospital expanses.

(Advt. No. 05/2012) | (Advt. No. 06/2012)

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Department Name: Science &Technology

Women Empowerment - A Reality or Myth

Answer: In the new millennium the Government of India had ushered by declaring the year 2001 as 'Women's Empowerment Year' to focus on a vision 'where women are equal partners like men'. The ability to exercise full control over one's actions is the most common explanation of 'women's empowerment'. The last decades have witnessed some basic changes in the status and role of women in our society. There has been shift in policy approaches from the concept of 'welfare' in the seventies to 'development' in the eighties and now to 'empowerment' in the nineties. This process has been further accelerated with some sections of women becoming increasingly self-conscious of their discrimination in several areas of family and public life. They are also in a position to mobilize themselves on issues that can affect their overall position.

Tulsidas' verse from Ramayana 'Dhol, janwar, shudra, pashu, nari ye sub nindan ke adhikari' highlights the discrimination and deep-rooted gender bias which still exists in all sectors on the basis of caste, community, religious affiliation and class. The Constitution of India grants equality to women in various fields of life. Yet a large number of women are either ill equipped or not in a position to propel themselves out of their traditionally unsatisfactory socio-economic conditions. They are often absorbed in the struggle to sustain the family physically and emotionally and as a rule are discouraged from taking interest in affairs outside home. Oppression and atrocities on women are still rampant. Patriarchy continues to be embedded in the social system in many parts of India, denying a majority of women the choice to decide on how they live. Female infanticide continues to be common. Statistics show that there is still a very high preference for a male child in states like UP, MP, Punjab etc. The male to female ratio is very high in these states. Domestic violence is also widespread and is also associated with dowry. Leaving a meager number of urban and sub-urban women, Indian women are still crying for social justice.

Topic: “The Khalji Revolution”

Anwer: It is a term denotes the replacement of Ilbari dynasty by Khalji dynasty. But it was not simply the change of government rather it was something more than it. Infact, Khaljis came to power not on the support of
either nobility or Ulemma or the common people but by dint of their military

Broadening Base of E-Governance in India

Technological change shave certainly improved the living status of Indians. Broadened base of television and telephony services has filled the gap between the rich and poor in way of access and use of technological innovations. This technological advancement is, however, a little slow in the area of computer-aided services. It is because of two basic difficulties of this sector – first is the ready availability of computer system, which is still a costly affair for an average-income earning Indian and the second is ignorance and lack of information of available computer-aided facilities and their huge benefits over the conventional system.

Question : Give a brief description of the government’s initiatives to enhance e-Governance.

Governments today are also taking initiatives to provide basic amenities and facilities electronically. In this way, they want to reach closer to every citizen, provide easy access to government programmes and make it easy for citizens to pay their taxes etc. In e-governance, various facilities and functions of government are available to the public through web portals with the help of internet. Here, a citizen can access the services with the use of computer and internet and is saved the long waits in tedious queues. For example the filing of income-tax returns, registration of companies, applications for new or renewal of passports, and other similar services available through electronic system. In the sense of customer to customer (C2C) electronic businessmodule, e-governance is Government to resident (G2R)module, electronically connecting administrators with the remotest citizen for welfare of the society and Rs.ease in use’ purposes. However, in our country, e-governance services are, as of now, largely benefitting the urban and computer-savvy peoples, while their reach among the poor and rural people needs to be enhanced. In a country like India where internet penetration and usage are low, and there are a huge number of people who do not have any access to computers, e-services can expand only at the initiative of the government- the government has to reach each beneficiary even if the beneficiary himself finds it difficult to reach for and demand the service. It is only this approach that can ensure that the services are affordable and easily accessible, and hence feasible. It is in this context that the new Aadhar’ project is important for us - it can facilitate the inclusion of maximum possible population under e-governed state.

Energy Consumption In India’s Household Sector: Social And Economic Dimensions

Question. Evaluate the households energy use pattern in India.

Answer: In India around half of the total non-commercial energy consumption is accounted for by the household sector (GoI, 1979, CMIE, 2001). The non-commercial energy sources include fuel wood, crop-residues, cow-dung and charcoal, among which fuel-wood is the most popular and predominantly used in the consumption of household energy. Even today with the advancement of science and technology, more than 60 per cent of Indian households depend on the traditional sources of energy for meeting their energy needs. In spite of the various Government efforts towards promoting cleaner fuels, the approach has not been very successful in bringing changes in the type of energy used, specifically for the lower income groups. In the recent past there has been a change in approaches.

Iran Issue Needs Diplomacy, Not Crude Weapon

• By imposing sanctions that aim to throttle Iran’s oil industry and exports, the United States and Europe have embarked on a course of action that is likely to backfire on the West and the immediate region.
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National Water Policy 2012

The National Water Policy 2012, now published in draft for public comments, should ultimately take a holistic view of the issue. The draft text makes some references to the importance of water for people and Nature, but is disproportionately focussed on treating water as an economic good. Such an approach predicated on realising the costs that go into the supply of water can only distort access and prices in the long run, affecting less affluent citizens. To suggest, for instance, that the state should exit the

Topic: National Health Policy 2002

Ques. 1 : Point out the focus of the National Health Policy – 2002.

Ans. The Focus of the new health policy :

1. The policy envisages the setting up of an organized urban primary health structure to meet increased needs. It suggests a two-tiered structure, with the primary health centre providing the first tier and the government general hospital the second tier.

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Initiatives Taken to Improve Indian Economy

Question : Information Technology

Answer:

Initiatives Taken to Improve Indian Economy

Question : Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSEs)

Initiatives Taken to Improve Indian Economy

Question : Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) Project .

Answer : The DMIC Project being developed on either side of the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor as a global manufacturing and investment destination, has made significant strides since inception.

Topic: E-Governance

Question: Define E-Governance and point out its benefits to citizens ?

Answer : E-governance aims to put information and communication technologies to the service of good governance — that is transparent, fair, effective, accountable and receptive to the aspirations of citizens.

Topic: The Ghurian Invasions – factors behind Ghurian success

Third Phase (Muhammad Ghori - Turkish invasion)

Alter Mahmud s death, the Ghaznavid Empire was confined to Ghazni and Punjab. His successors were soon overthrown by their vassals, the Ghurids, who came from Ghur, the mountainous region east of Herat. Muhammad Ghori’s first invasion was directed against Multan, then ruled by the Ismailis. Both Multan and Uch fell in A.D. 1175 and the subjugation of the whole of Sind was completed in 1182 with the annexation of Lower Sindh. Muhammad’s invasion of Gujarat, however, ended in a crushing defeat at the hands of the Chalukyan forces in 1178-79, near Mount Abu. Muhammad was badly routed at Tarain by Prithviraj and his ally, the ruler of Delhi, and barely escaped with his life.

Dicey on Administrative Law

According to Dicey, Administrative Law is that portion of a nation’s legal system which determines the legal status and liabilities of all state officials and defines the rights and liabilities of private individuals in their dealing with public officials. It also specifies the procedures by which those rights and liabilities are enforced)

The above definition suffers from imperfections.

1. It does not cover several aspects administrative law; it excludes the study of administrative processes and examination of various powers and functions of administrative authorities and it covers only one aspect of administrative law i.e judicial control of public officials.

Administrative Law deals with the structure towers a functions of the organs of administration; the limits of their powers; the procedure which the administrative authorities adopt in the exercise of their powers and the various modes of control including particularly judicial control over the different kinds of powers exercised by them.

HIV and Drug Abuse in India

The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immune Deficiency Virus). It is a condition in which the built in defense system of the body breaks down completely. AIDS was recognized for the first time in the USA in 1981. In India it was identified in after 5 years in May 1986. In October 1985 the health authorities of the Government of India realizing the threat and spread of HIV and AIDS through the Indian Council of Medical Research organized the screening of high risk groups with the aim of finding out whether HIV infection has reached India. Among the states, Manipur stands first followed by Maharashtra and thirdly Tamil Nadu. HIV is currently spreading in the world at the rate of one new infection every fifty seconds. The HIV/AIDS is not confined to any one class, community, religion, age-group, sex or profession, though according to the Indian Health Organization women and children are believed to be more prone to AIDS. The HIV infection is spread over all religions and all groups.

HIV is an infectious disease but is not easily transmitted through the environment such as air, water, food etc. Therefore it is non-communicable disease. However the main causes or the modes through which the virus enters the body are:

1. Sexual intercourse with an infected person.
2. The second mode is through the transfusion of HIV infected blood or the blood products or through infected blood in needles, syringes and other such instruments.
3. The third way is the transmission from an infected mother to her newborn.

A study conducted by the Directorate of Health Services, Manipur in 1991 pointed out that in the analysis of 6,680 specimens of HIV the highest risk factor (93.9%) in spreading HIV was found to be intravenous drug addicts followed by blood donors (2.93%) and homosexuals (2.61%). Prostitutes infect their clients and in turn also get infected by them. According to one estimate the level of HIV infection escalated from 1% to 30% among the sex-workers in Mumbai in just three years from 1989-1991. Drug addicts who take drugs by injection carry the possibility of spreading the HIV infection through shared infected needles. In Manipur where 40 to 50%of intravenous drug-users are HIV positive many of them are sent to jail in some cases even by their own parents.

Initiatives Taken to Improve Indian Economy

Question : National Manufacturing Policy

The National Manufacturing Policy was announced this year, with the specific objectives of enhancing share of manufacturing in GDP to 25% by 2022, creation

Initiatives Taken to Improve Indian Economy

Question :Capital Market Reforms

Answer:

Initiatives Taken to Improve Indian Economy

Question: Fiscal Consolidation.

With the resumption of the fiscal consolidation process in budget 2012-13, the government seeks to bring down the fiscal deficit to 5.1 per cent of GDP in 2012-13 from 5.9 per cent in 2011-12.