International Initiatives

ALLIANCE OF SMALL ISLAND STATES(AOSIS) is anintergovernmental organizationoflow-lyingcoastaland smallIsland countries. Established in 1990, the main purpose of the alliance is to consolidate the voices ofSmall Island Developing States(SIDS) to addressglobal warming. AOSIS has been very active from its inception, putting forward the first draft text in theKyoto Protocolnegotiations as early as 1994. Many of the member states were present at the December2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference(COP15).Democracy Now!reported that members from theisland stateof Tuvalu interrupted a session on 10-December-2009 to demand that global temperature rise be limited to 1.5 degrees]instead of the proposed 2 degrees. AOSIS has 42 members andobserversfrom all around the world, of which 36 are members of theUnited Nations. The alliance represents 28% of thedeveloping countries, and 20% of theUN’s total membership.

Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate

TheAsia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, also known asAPP, was an international, voluntary, public-private partnership amongAustralia,Canada,India,Japan, thePeople’s Republic of China,South Korea, and theUnited Statesannounced July 28, 2005 at anAssociation of South East Asian Nations(ASEAN) Regional Forum meeting and launched on January 12, 2006 at the Partnership’s inaugural Ministerial meeting inSydney. As of 5 April 2011, the Partnership formally concluded although a number of individual projects continue. The conclusion of the APP and cancellation of many of its projects attracted almost no media comment.Foreign, Environment and Energy Ministers from partner countries agreed to co-operate on the development and transfer of technology which enables reduction ofgreenhouse gasemissions that is consistent with and complementary to theUN Framework Convention on Climate Changeand other relevant international instruments, and is intended to complement but not replace the Kyoto Protocol.,Ministers agreed to aCharter, Communique and Work Plan that “outline a ground-breaking new model of private-public task forces to addressclimate change,energy securityandair pollution.”

Member countries account for over 50% of the world’sgreenhouse gasemissions, energy consumption,GDPand population. Unlike theKyoto Protocol(currently unratified by the United States), which imposes mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions, the Partnership engages member countries to accelerate the development and deployment of clean energy technologies, with no mandatory enforcement mechanism. This has led to criticism that the Partnership is worthless, by other governments, climate scientists and environmental groups. Proponents, on the other hand, argue that unrestricted economic growth and emission reductions can only be brought about through active engagement by all major polluters, which includesIndiaandChina, within theKyoto Protocolframework neitherIndianorChinaare yet required to reduce emissions.Canadabecame the 7th member of the APP at the Second Ministerial Meeting in New Delhi on October 15, 2007. Canada’s Prime MinisterStephen Harperearlier expressed his intention to join the Partnership in August 2007, despite some domestic opposition.

Aims

U.S. PresidentGeorge W. Bushcalled it a “new results-oriented partnership” that he said “will allow our nations to develop and accelerate deployment of cleaner, more efficient energy technologies to meet national pollution reduction, energy security and climate change concerns in ways that reduce poverty and promote economic development.”John Howard, the formerAustralian Prime Minister, described the pact as “fair and effective”However, theWorldwide Fund for Naturestated that “a deal on climate change that doesn’t limit pollution is the same as a peace plan that allows guns to be fired” whilst the British Governments’ chief scientific adviser,Sir David King, in a BBC interview said he doubted the new deal could work without setting caps on emissions, but added it should be seen as a sign of progress on climate change.Compared to the Kyoto Protocol, which so far requires no emission reductions from India and China, the APP actively engages both countries through building market incentives to reduce greenhouse emissions along with building capacity and providing clean technology transfers. Proponents argue that this approach creates a greater likelihood that bothIndiaandChinawill, sooner rather than later, effectively cut their greenhouse emissions even though they are not required to do so under the Kyoto Protocol.

Areas for collaboration

The intent is to create a voluntary, non-legally binding framework for international cooperation to facilitate the development, diffusion, deployment, and transfer of existing, emerging and longer term cost- effective, cleaner, more efficient technologies and practices among the Partners through concrete and substantial cooperation so as to achieve practical results; promote and create enabling environments to assist in such efforts; facilitate attainment of the Partners’ respective national pollution reduction, energy security and climate change objectives; and provide a forum for exploring the Partners’ respective policy approaches relevant to addressing interlinked development, energy, environment, and climate change issues within the context of clean development goals, and for sharing experiences in developing and implementing respective national development and energy strategies. The Partnership’s inaugural Ministerial meeting established eight government/business taskforces through its Work Plan,posted on the APP website.1. cleaner fossil energy2. renewable energyanddistributed generation3. power generation and transmission4. steel5. aluminum6. cement7. coal mining8. buildings and appliances

Ministerial Meetings

The inaugural ministerial meeting was held at the Four Seasons Hotel and Government House inSydney, Australia on January 11 and 12, 2006.

Asia-Pacific Partnership Ministers agreed and released a:

• Charter that provides the framework and structure of the Partnership;

• Communiqué that highlights key outcomes from this meeting;and

• Work Plan that maps out an intensive agenda of work for the taskforces in the near-term.

By: Prof. J.D. Sharma
Courtesy: Ministry of Home Affairs

Abstract

The Narco-Analysis has become an increasingly, perhaps alarmingly, common term in India. This technique has garnered support from certain State Governments as well as the Judiciary in India. There has been a debate for quite a long time whether this can be considered as a scientific and reliable method. An attempt has been made here to critically discuss this technique and to evaluate its admissibility as evidence in the courts.

Introduction

The search for effective aids to interrogation is probably as old as man’s need to obtain information from an uncooperative accused (or subject) and as persistent as his impatience to short cut any tortuous path. In the annals of police investigation, physical coercion has, at times, been substituted for painstaking and time-consuming inquiry in the belief that direct methods produce quick results. But, hardened and manipulative perpetrators often fail the interrogation thus, information and admissible evidences are hard to come by. With the advancement of our knowledge or the reapplication of existing knowledge in a newer specific area has resulted in the emergence of techniques, such as Polygraphy, Brain-mapping andNarco-analysis. The term ‘Narco-analysis’ is derived from the Greek word ‘Narkë’ (meaning “anesthesia or torpor”, and is used to describe a diagnostic and psychotherapeutic technique that uses psychoactive drugs, particularly

The principle of universality of human rights is the cornerstone of international human rights law. This principle, as first emphasized in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights in 1948, has been reiterated in numerous international human rights conventions, declarations, and resolutions. The 1993 Vienna World Conference on Human Rights, for example, noted that it is the duty of States to promote and protect all human rights and fundamental freedoms, regardless of their political, economic and cultural systems.

All states have ratified at least one, and 80% of states have ratified four or more, of the core human rights treaties, reflecting their consent, which creates legal obligations for them, giving concrete expression to universality. Some fundamental human rights enjoy universal protection by customary international law across all boundaries and civilizations.

Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever their nationality, place of residence, sex, ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.

Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed by law, in the forms of treaties, customary international law, general principles and other sources of international law. International human rights laws lay down obligations for governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups Non-discrimination is a cross-cutting principle in international human rights law. The principle is present in all the major human rights treaties and provides the central theme of some international human rights conventions such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.

Introduction

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an important management tool for ensuring optimal use of natural resources for sustainable development. A beginning in this direction was made in our country with the impact assessment of river valley projects in 1978-79 and the scope has subsequently been enhanced to cover other developmental sectors such as industries, thermal power projects, mining schemes etc. To facilitate collection of environmental data and preparation of management plans, guidelines have been evolved and circulated to the concerned Central and State Government Departments. EIA has now been made mandatory under the Environmental (Protection Act, 1986 for 29 categories of developmental activities involving investments of Rs. 50 crores and above.

CDS Examination (Paper - 1) : 2012

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CDS Examination (Paper - 1) : 2012

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The question of a human right is often a chicken and the egg situation. ‘What comes first- the chicken or the egg?’ may be analogous to what comes first- the law or the right. The right to water is one such area where there is no clear answer and there is a need to recognize the right to water without having to rely on provisions of black letter law. While the human right to water is being increasingly recognized in international human rights law, it also needs recognition at the domestic level.

The States Commitment to Access to Water

There are a number of schemes and implementing machinery to provide for safe and accessible drinking water in India. The Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission at the institutional level and the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme Guidelines at the policy level have greatly contributed to the attention received to access to water issues. The Guidelines specify 40 litres per capita per day as a minimum requirement only for the purpose of drinking and household needs. This is divided into the following categories and the amount may increase in cases of cattle in dry areas. The water must be of adequate quality as well as quantity.

Combined Medical Services Examination - 2012

EXAMINATION NOTICE NO.07/2012-CMS DATED 24.03.2012

A combined examination for recruitment to the services and posts mentioned in para 2 below will be conducted by the Union Public Service Commission on the 17th June, 2012 in accordance with the Rules published by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (Dept. of Health) in the Gazette of India dated the 24th March, 2012.

The Services/Posts to which recruitment is to be made and the approximate number of vacancies to be filled are given below :-

Assistant Divisional Medical Officer in the Railways.

INTRODUCTION 

India is an energy starved country whose economy is growing at a breakneck speed. The current installed generation capacity is about 162 GW which, with high T&D losses, translates into a peak time shortage of 12.7% and this is the situation when more than 400 million Indians still don’t have access to electricity. India currently faces a threefold challenge of meeting the current demand, fighting climate change and attaining energy security. This implies that nuclear power and renewables would play a very crucial role in India. India unfortunately has very limited potential for wind power and that for geothermal is still unknown, but luckily India gets good sun fall almost all through the year. Solar power in India has huge potential and it is environment friendly as it has zero emissions while generating and is obviously the most secure.

Importance and Relevance of Solar Power in India

Cost of power: The solar panels available in the market today are very costly which makes the initial investment required very high, which in turn makes it prohibitive in a poor country like India. JNNSM aims at bringing this cost of power to grid parity by 2022 and at par with coal based power plants by 2030. But this would require global investments in R&D at a very large scale. Although it is a costly alternative for now, but going forward, with the progress in technology its cost will come down. Contrasting this aspect of solar with that of coal makes it a clear favourite as the cost of producing electricity using coal will only go higher as mineral reserves deplete in India and then we would be forced to import most of the total requirement, which will come a further higher price. Couple these with some major investments in developing the required infrastructure for importing coal and the transportation cost involved and we get to understand that solar has now become is inevitable.

Scalability: India is blessed with a huge and still untapped potential in terms of solar power as it receives high insolation. We get about 300 clear and bright sunny days per year, receive 4-7 kWh per square meter per year i.e. 1500-1700 kWh/m2/p.a. adding upto 5 zillion kWh per year. This potential, even at 10% conversion rate would mean an availability which is many times more than what India may need. The only concern regarding scalability is the availability of space as megawatt size plants occupy a lot of land. The size of land may vary according to the intensity of sun in the area of the plant (as per an estimate by Tata BP Solar, generating 100 MW in Delhi would require about 500 acres of land for much less in Rajasthan). The following solar map shows the region wise levels of insolation in India.

A Distributed Source of Energy: The solar form of energy provides the opportunity to generate power on a distributed basis enabling rapid generating capacity addition with very short lead times. It becomes much more important in case of countries like India which have poor T&D infrastructure.
Reaching Out to the Rural India: Solar power is very useful especially from the rural electrification point of view. In India, hundreds of millions of rural consumers are still not connected to the grid, and ones connected either don’t receive quality supply or get no supply at all. Solar power has the capacity to completely revolutionize the prevalent scenario and change the living standards in the remote villages of India by efficiently meeting the electricity and heating needs of the people out there.

Environmental Impact: The best thing about solar is that it’s environmentally benign as it produces no carbon or greenhouse gases or any other toxic waste while generating, doesn’t burn oil, coal or gas to generated electricity. In addition to these, at solar power plants there are no chances of an environmentally devastating accident. In fact, the only pollutant which factors into solar power are those involved in the construction and transportation of its component parts.

Security of Source: Energy security is very high on our national agenda and we are working very hard with our global partners to diversify the source of the resources that we use to generate the requisite amount of energy to run our economy. Solar is the most secure of all known resources. It may not be the cheapest source of energy as of now, unlike coal, but it is, and will always be, available in abundance and is waiting to be exploited. It is one source of energy we will never run out of, one source of energy which will always be available with us irrespective of how the geopolitics changes.

The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) was launched by the Prime Minister, on January 11 2010, under the National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) with the aim of promoting an eco friendly and sustainable growth while marching towards energy security for the nation and enhancing India’s contribution to meet the global challenge of climate change. It aims at establishing India as a world leader in solar energy by creating policy conditions conducive to stimulate investments in installation and R&D.

Objectives and Targets

The objective of JNNSM is to transform India into a global leader in solar power by spreading awareness and promoting investments with the help of policies which encourage such initiatives. The National Solar Mission has set a target of generating 22,000 MW in 3 phases, 20,000 MW for grid-connected 2000 MW for off-grid applications. The first phase spans from the remaining period of the11th Plan at the time of launch and first year of the 12th Plan (up to 2012-13), the 2nd phase would be the remaining 4 years of the 12th Plan (2013-17) and the 13th Plan (2017-22) would be the 3rd Phase. There are provisions for mid-term evaluation of the progress made, review of capacity and targets of the subsequent phase according to the perceived cost and technological progress.

The first phase of the mission is focussing on two aspects: promoting off grid system applications and a modest capacity addition in the grid. And the second phase would target on aggressive capacity addition and improving the solar penetration. The targets stated in the JNNSM are:

• To create an enabling policy framework for the deployment of 20,000 MW of solar power by 2022.

• To ramp up capacity of grid-connected solar power generation to 1000 MW within three years – by 2013; and an additional 3000 MW by 2017 through the mandatory use of the renewable purchase obligation by utilities backed with a preferential tariff. This capacity can be more than doubled reaching 10,000MW installed power by 2017 or more, based on the enhanced and enabled international finance and technology transfer.

• To create favourable conditions for solar manufacturing capability, particularly solar thermal for indigenous production and market leadership.

• To promote programmes for off grid applications, reaching 1000 MW by 2017 and 2000 MW by 2022

• To achieve 15 million sq. meters solar thermal collector area by 2017 and 20 million by 2022

• To deploy 20 million solar lighting systems for rural areas by 2022.

The first phase (up to march 2013) of the mission targets majorly on two aspects,

1. Off-grid and Decentralized applications

2. Capacity addition to the grid

It provides an enabling framework to support entrepreneurs in order to develop markets. Supporting viable business models to enhance the spirit of investorsis another focus in this phase. The success of the scheme depends big time on the flexibility factor that it has incorporated as the market is currently demand-driven, and that is why it offers a wide range of incentives where an interested investor can tailor the best suited package as per his/her requirements.

1. Off-grid and Decentralized Solar Applications

The off-grid applications include meeting energy requirements both in the form of electricity and heat. The main objectives of this section of the scheme are:

• To promote off-grid applications for meeting the targets set in the JNNSM.

• To create awareness about the usage of solar systems

• To encourage and promote sustainable business models

• To support channel partners and potential beneficiaries

• To organize consultancy services and seminars, awareness campaigns

• To help replace kerosene and diesel, wherever possible

Various off-grid SPV applications which have a maximum capacity of 100 kWp per site and decentralized solar thermal applications are eligible for being covered in this scheme. Even mini-grids for rural electrification with applications upto 250 kW stand to benefit from it. To help promote technology upgradation and expansion in production facilities soft loans would be made available to SME manufacturers through Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA). Various channel partners are being used for facilitating faster implementation and minimizing transaction cost and time. These channels are:

• RESCOs (renewable energy service providing companies): These companies install, own and operate the renewable energy systems.

• Financial and Microfinance institutions: These institutions are mainly into providing loans to the consumer and accessing the interest subsidies through refinancing.

• Financial Integrators: These firms serve the manufactures and service providers by integrating different sources of finance available for them.

• System Integrators: These entities are the ones which provide design, supply, integration and installation and O&M to the clients.

• Programme Administrators: Administrators include central and state ministries and departments, state nodal agencies, utilities, PSUs and reputed NGOs. These bodies are responsible for implementing the scheme.

Funding Patterns

Because of the high set up cost, proper funding arrangements are of crucial importance in order to build an encouraging environment for solar generation. Funding is available in two modes:

A. Project Mode: To avail the facilities through this mode there needs to be a project report and monitoring arrangements. The project report would, inter alia, include client details, technical and financial details and O&M specifications. The total cost is funded through a mix of debt & equity, where promoter’s equity contribution has to be at least 20%. MNRE provides a combination of 30% subsidy and/or 5% interest bearing loans. Further a benchmark project cost is worked out by the MNRE, on which a capital subsidy of 60% is given. However, in case of special category states like north eastern states, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, 90% subsidy would be given. These subsidies can be accessed only by the ‘Programme Administrators’.

B. Market Mode: Through market mode different ‘Channel Partners’ are enabled to access various capital subsidies and soft loans. The channel partners would tie up with some lending institutions and these lenders would get into an agreement of refinance with IREDA, then IRDEA gets fund handling charges by MNRE at the rate of 2%.

Incentives

Although, off-grid connections are meant for personal or small scale users, it does take off the burden of generation and distribution to quite an extent. Apart from this, using solar energy to either supplement or complement one’s energy requirements helps in fighting climate change and reducing country’s carbon footprint. So it makes sense to promote its usage and so a slew of incentives have been announced to encourage the potential investors for participation. These benefits are provided in forms of RE vouchers, capital subsidies, interest subsidies and green energy bonds.

Release of Funds

Release of funds under JNNSM is conducted in two ways. For the projects which are to be developed by administrators (government ministries, PSUs and NGOs)fund release could be front-ended, it would be done in two instalments, 70% on sanction and 30% on completion. Release of funds in case of private channel partners would be back-ended i.e. it will be in the form of reimbursement of the cost incurred and would be given after a proper verification of completion and efficiency of the project.

Commission will be holding Combined Graduate Level Examination,2012 for recruitment to different posts for which Graduation from a recognized University is the minimum Educational Qualification. The Examination will comprise of two Tiers of Written Objective Type examination followed by Computer Proficiency Test/ Interview/Skill test, wherever applicable as per the Scheme of Examination. Posts have been placed in two groups, inter-alia, based on their Grade Pay and papers in Tier II examination/Interview. Preference for Posts, is to be indicated in the application. Candidates are requested to note that preference for Posts once exercised will be final. Request for change of preference will not be considered under any circumstance. For the post of Assistant in CSS, candidate shall have not more than three attempts unless covered by any of the exceptions notified by Government of India.

Names & Codes of Posts, Classification, Pay Band and Grade Pay, Nature of Physical Disabilities permissible for the posts are:
Posts for which Interview cum Personality Test is prescribed: Pay Band –II f 9300-34800:

By : Shashi Kant (IPS) Courtesy: Ministry of Home Affairs

ABSTRACT

This paper deals with the divergent thematic perspectives on terrorismand argues distinctions of different schools of thoughts, regarding the conceptual ambiguities of terrorism. Simultaneously, it dealswith the different definitions given by the different organizations.

INTRODUCTION

Every country through the ages had its enemies. But, some enemies long last; terrorismis one of them. As the 19th century ended, terrorism made a heinous space in the hearts and the minds of the people. In 1894, an Italian anarchist2 assassinated FrenchPresident SadiCarnot. In 1897, anarchists deadly stabbedEmpressElizabeth of Australia and killed Antonio Canvas, the Spanish Prime Minister. In 1900,Umberto I, the Italian King, was the another victim of anarchist attack.3 In 1901, an American anarchist killed William Mc Kinley, President of the United States. During the First World War, fascistswere considered the villains.What, however, new today, is the phenomenon of “terrorism” that has acquired an international dimension.4As experts have commented that terrorism remains a complex phenomenon ofmix factors andmotivations, it has come to symbolize the scourge of themodern civilization.5 Scholars around the world have not always been able to answer this fundamental question. It has been commonly accepted that the definitions regarding the terrorism, as vague, confusing andambiguous.No scholar or country are agreed upon any single recognized universal definition. Affirming the above statement, noted scholar Hoffman opines that scholars are divided in terms of defining terrorismdue to its characteristics of being politically and emotionally charged. Cross-section of scholars, for example, Anthony Oberschall, are of the opinion that violence has been justified against tyrannical, oppressive corrupt rulers; for national self-determination; against exploitation and for instituting social justice and in the name of humanitarian intervention to save people from genocide. If we do talk about the ambiguity in terms of the understanding of terrorism, it comes similar to those words, i.e. democracy, power, class and so which have the same fate. Democracy for China is not what for US or UK have.

The article has been divided into four parts. It begins with the definitions of terrorism given by the scholars and various establishments, followed by the discussion on the common findings and interpretations as an analytical tool to understand the ‘phenomenon’ closely. This discussion continued up to the third part of the article, which positively argues different schools of thoughts, which see terrorism from their own perspectives and prisms. The last part of the article briefly discusses about Martha Crenshaw’s Instrumental and Organizational process approach, which eventually will be helpful for better understanding of menace.

Arithmetic Progression (AP)

An arithmetic progression is a sequence in which terms increase or decrease by a constant number called the common difference.
(i) The sequence 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22… is an arithmetic progression whose first term is 2 and common difference 4.

उत्तराखण्ड लोक सेवा आयोग, गुरूकुल कांगंडी़ , हरिद्वार

(विज्ञापन संख्या: ए-2/ईर्-1/2011-12)

उत्तराखण्ड लोक सेवा आयोग द्वारा ‘‘वन क्षेत्राधिकारी परीक्षा-2012‘‘ हेतु ओ0एम0आर0 आवेदन पत्र आमंत्रित किये जाते हैं। ‘ओ0एम0आर0 आवेदन पत्र‘ इस विज्ञापन के क्रमांक-10 में उल्लिखित शुल्क जमा कर क्रमांक-13 में उल्लिखित डाकघरों/उप डाकघरों से प्राप्त किये जा सकते हैं। उत्तराखण्ड लोक सेवा आयोग द्वारा वन क्षेत्राधिकारी परीक्षा-2012 के माध्यम से उपयुक्त अभ्यर्थियों का चयन करने हेतु इस विज्ञापन के ‘‘परिशिष्ट-1‘‘ में उलिखित विभिन्न परीक्षा केन्द्रों पर एक प्रारम्भिक परीक्षा का आयोजन किया जायेगा। आयोग द्वारा अभ्यर्थियों को आवंटित परीक्षा केन्द्रों/परीक्षा तिथि की सूचना उन्हें प्रवेश पत्र के माध्यम से अलग से दी जायेगी।

The branch of Mathematics which deals with collection, classification and interpretation of data is called statistics.

When used in the singular sense, statistics refers to the subject as a whole of science of statistical methods embodying the theory and techniques. When it is used in the plural sense, statistics refers to the data itself (ie, numerical facts collected in a systematic manner with some definite purpose in view, in any field of enquiry).

The Frequency Table or the Frequency Distribution

The Tendulkar Committee for the first time recommended use of implicit prices derived from quantity and value data collected in household consumer expenditure surveys for computing and updating the poverty lines. Tendulkar Committee developed a methodology using implicit prices for estimating state wise poverty lines for the year 2004-05. Using these poverty lines and distribution of monthly per capita consumption expenditure based on mixed reference period (MRP), the Tendulkar Committee estimated poverty ratios for the year 2004-05.In its Report, Tendulkar Committee recommended a methodology for updating 2004-05 poverty lines derived by it.

Accordingly, implicit price indices (Fisher Price Index) have been computed from the 66th Round NSS (2009-10) data on Household Consumer Expenditure Survey. As per Tendulkar Committee recommendations, the state wise urban poverty lines of 2004-05 are updated for 2009-10 based on price rise during this period using Fisher price indices. The state wise rural-urban price differential in 2009-10 has been applied on state specific urban poverty lines to get state specific rural poverty lines.

The head count ratio (HCR) is obtained using urban and rural poverty lines which are applied on the MPCE distribution of the states. The aggregated BPL population of the states is used to obtain the final all-India HCR and poverty lines in rural and urban areas. Some of the key results are:

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