UPSC IAS Mains Public Administration Solved Exam Paper - 2012 (Paper -I)
UPSC IAS Mains Public Administration Solved Exam Paper - 2012
Paper - I
Section - A
1. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words each :- 12×5=60
a. ‘On a more sophisticated plane public choice is concerned with “Pareto optimality”, or at least with “Pareto improvements”.’ Comment. (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
b. ‘In the canonization of this abstract idea of ‘Staatsraison’ are inseparably woven the sure instincts of the bureaucracy for the conditions which preserve its own power in the State’ [Weber]. Explain. (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
c. ‘Man’s motives … in different subparts of the same. organization may be different’ [Edgar Schein]. Discuss. (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
d. Leadership is the ‘influential increment over and above mechanical compliance with the routine directives of the organization’ [Katz and Kahn]. Analyze. (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
e. ‘Policy judgements comprise reality judgements, value judgements and instrumental judgements’ [Geoffrey Vickers]. Elucidate. (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
Q. 2.
a. How would you trace the development of Public Administration in terms of different paradigms from the politics/administration dichotomy of 1900-1926 to the rise of Public Administration as Public Administration after the formation of the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA) in the USA in 1970 ? 30 (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
b. Two sub questions (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
a. In what respects is Taylor’s ‘Scientific Management’ or classical motivational theory different from the classical organizational theory expounded by Gulick, Urwick etc ? 15 (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
b. What light does Antonio Gramsci ‘s critique ofTaylorism throw on its socio-psychological underpinnings ? 15 (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
Q.3.
a. ‘Three features characterize Simon’s original view of bounded rationality : search for alternatives, satisficing, and asp.iration adaptation.’ Elucidate. (20) (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
b. Two questions
i. ‘The essence, of the contingency theory paradigm is that
organizational effectiveness results from fitting characteristics of the
organization, such as its structure, to contingencies that reflect the situation
of the organization.’ Give your reactions to this statement. 20
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ii. In the light of your discussion on above, also show where and how this
‘fitting’ differs essentially from the ‘coping’ with ‘stress’ from the
environment emphasized by the systems theory of organization. 20
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Q.4.
a. ‘Open access to government records is … the hallmark of a democratic government’, but ‘governments are not hesitant about destroying records – very deliberately – in order to prevent investigations, as well as to generally weaken accountability’. Do you think that in this situation right to information can go to the extent of demanding complete declassification and ‘de-archivization’ of government records? Argue. (30) (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
b. Should media exposure be included in rules for administrative accountability in India ? State your views. 15 (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
c. Comment on the role of Civil Society in facilitating administrative accountability with special reference to the ‘J anlokpal’ issue in India. 15 (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
SECTION-B
Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words each :- 12×5=60
Q.5
a. ‘Riggs’s classification of societies into fused, prismatic, and diffracted is built around the concept of differentiation.’ Analyze. (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
b. ‘The anti-development thesis . .. reduces development to an idea without history, impervious to change’, but ‘fails to take account of the fact that for all its faults, development can be empowering.’ Discuss. (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
c. The ‘selection model of recruitment rests on the assumption that the primary needs to be met are those of the organization.’ Examine. (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
d. ‘Our normal expectation should be that new programs will fail to get off the ground and that, at best, they will take considerable time to get started. The cards in this world are stacked against things happening’ [Pressman and Wildavsky]. Comment. (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
e. ‘Those who budget, deal with their overwhelming burdens by adopting heuristic aids to calculation’ (Wildavsky]. Explain. (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
Q.6
a. Do you think that there is an unresolved and often overlooked tension in Dicey’s concept of rule of law, considering that the other principle of parliamentary sovereignty in English constitutional system runs counter to it ? 20
Answer:
The rule of law, as described in Dicey’s treatise, remains to this day a distinctive characteristic of the English constitution.
In England no man can be made to suffer punishment or to pay damages for any conduct not definitely forbidden by law; every man's legal rights or liabilities are almost invariably determined by the ordinary Courts of the realm, and each man's individual rights are far less the result of our constitution than the basis on which that constitution is founded. He contrasted rule of law which is the basis of english constitution with french Driot Administratif.
Rule of law should stand for law as supreme in the country that is, the supremacy of constitution. But in case of British system, parliament is supreme and in Britain rules are unwritten but are evolved with time followed through customs and practices.
Dicey compared the rule of law with that part of Driot administratif that stood for trial of administrative officers by a separate court in France manned by administrators. Administrative officers were part of law creating and implementing body and hence they were above citizens and so their mistakes should be judged separately and special protection should be given to them. He claimed that since there was no such type of court in Britain,so there was no rule of Law there.
In Britain however parliament has the right to enquire into administrative issues and summon individual administrators to hear and judge on their actions . Hence Dicey’s concept of rule of law are partially in contradiction to parliamentary system in Britain and are often ignored because of misunderstanding the context.
b. Would you agree that the strong Rechsstaat version of the rule of law found on the Continent never existed in England because of its particular history? 20
Rechtsstaat is a doctrine in continental European legal thinking, originally borrowed from German jurisprudence, that can be translated as "state based on justice and integrity". It is a "constitutional state" in which the exercise of power is constrained by the rule of law. In a Rechtsstaat, the power of the state is limited in order to protect citizens from the arbitrary exercise of authority. In a Rechtsstaat the citizens share legally based civil liberties and can use the courts. A country cannot be a liberal democracy without being a Rechtsstaat.
The most important principles of the Rechtsstaat are:
- The state is based on the supremacy of national constitution and exercises coercion and guarantees the safety and constitutional rights of its citizens.
- Civil society is an equal partner to the state
- Separation of powers, with the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of government limiting one another's power and providing for checks and balances
- The judicature and the executive are bound by law (not acting against the law), and the legislature is bound by constitutional principles.
- Both the legislature and democracy itself are bound by elementary constitutional rights and principles.
- Transparency of state acts and the requirement of providing a reason for all state acts
- Review of state decisions and state acts by independent organs, including an appeal process
- Hierarchy of laws and the requirement of clarity and definiteness
- Reliability of state actions, protection of past dispositions made in good faith against later state actions, prohibition of retroactivity
- Principle of the proportionality of state action
- Monopoly of the legitimate use of force
Rule of law was a distinguishing feature of the English constitution if you compare it to the constitutions of other countries in the continent. In England, where Parliament plays the leading role through the constitutional principle of the sovereignty of Parliament, there exists no law superior to the statutes adopted by the Parliament.
In 18th century England , the capitalists had considerable influence over the Parliament . It effectively controlled the State . However , in Germany, case was different .
In Germany state had absolutist tendencies ,asserted for a stronger "rule of law" .Therefore, the Rule of Law in England actually means that the administrative power is bound strictly by law and that the judiciary reviews the lawfulness of administrative action. As a result if you contrast the varying circumstances in Germany and England in that era ,it becomes evident how a strong "rule of law" did not emerge in England.
c. Why is le droit administratif regarded alongside the Napoleonic Code as the most notable achievement of French legal science ? 20
Driot administratif did that to administration, what nepolionic code gave to law and political science. Hence droit administaitif is regarded alongside the Napoleonic code as the most notable achievement of French legal science
Driot administratif consists of the set of rules defining the rights and obligations of the administration. It is the most important part of public law. It is the right of the imbalance because it essentially governs relations between public bodies and citizens. This gap between the general interest and the specific interests explains the existence of a particular right, exorbitant common law. This right is formed to regulate the relationship between law and the state. Historically, many answers have been given, and even today, one can distinguish several models that combine in various proportions above.
Driot administratif also covers the set of rules governing the organization and operation of government agencies not under the legislature or the judiciary, as well as those that govern the relationship between citizens and organizations public.
The Napoleonic Code is the French civil code established under Napoléon I in 1804. The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified.
The preliminary article of the Code established certain important provisions regarding the rule of law. Laws could be applied only if they had been duly promulgated, and then only if they had been published officially (including provisions for publishing delays, given the means of communication available at the time). Thus, no secret laws were authorized. It prohibited ex post facto laws (i.e. laws that apply to events that occurred before their introduction).
The code also prohibited judges from refusing justice on grounds of insufficiency of the law, thereby encouraging them to interpret the law. On the other hand, it prohibited judges from passing general judgments of a legislative value .With regard to family, the Code established the supremacy of the man over the wife and children, which was the general legal situation in Europe at the time. A woman was given fewer rights than a minor.
Q.7
a. Comment on the reasons why universal theory remams elusive in comparative public administration. 20 (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
b. Given the importance of the issue of sex equality in development_ do you think the self-help group movement adequately addresses absence of women in the former mainstream development agenda ? 20 (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
c. Would you agree with Bachrach and Baratz that along with decisions, non-decisions are also part of policy ? Give reasons for your answer. 20 (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
Q.8
1. ‘Relations are the building blocks of network analysis’ – In the light of this statement summarize the form and content of relations in ‘network analysis’. 15 (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
2. Trace the background and development of PERT and enumerate the steps involved in the application of PERT. 15 (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
3. Draw a simple PERT chart for a seminar planning project. 15 (for Answer Join Public Administration Online Coaching)
4. ‘The apparent demise of e-Government and e-Business as the main organizing
principles of society has created the conditions for the rise of e-Governance
from the ashes’ – In the context of the above statement show the distinctions
between e-Government and e-Governance. 15
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