Public Administration Mains 2019 :
Solved Paper Question Paper-1 (Question-6)
SECTION-B
Q6(a) “Development dynamics is marked
by a dilemma : the concept of development has a built-in participatory
orientation but the practice of development has been inherently exclusionary.”
Discuss. 20 Marks
ANSWER: Participatory development (PD) seeks to engage
local populations in development projects. Participatory development has taken a
variety of forms since it emerged in the 1970s, when it was introduced as an
important part of the "basic needs approach" to development.Most manifestations
of public participation in development seek "to give the poor a part in
initiatives designed for their benefit" in the hopes that development projects
will be more sustainable and successful if local populations are engaged in the
development process. It is often presented as an alternative to mainstream
"top-down" development. There is some question about the proper definition of PD
as it varies depending on the perspective applied. Two perspectives that can
define PD are the "Social Movement Perspective" and the "Institutional
Perspective". Participatory development employed in particular initiatives often
involves the process of content creation. For example, UNESCO's Finding a Voice
Project employs ICT for development initiatives. Local content creation and
distribution contributes to the formation of local information networks. This is
a bottom-up approach that involves extensive discussions, conversations, and
decision-making with the target community.Community group members create content
according to their capacities and interests. This process facilitates engagement
with information and communication technology (ICT) with the goal of
strengthening individual and social development. This participatory content
creation is an important tool for poverty reduction strategies and creating a
digitally inclusive knowledge society.
The late 1990s saw the introduction of some new terms and
concepts in the discourse around inequality, poverty, fairness and justice. One
of these concepts was that of “social exclusion”. This term is now virtually
ubiquitous, and therefore, it is useful to recall that this is of relatively
recent origin. It is also important to remember that the concept of social
exclusion originated in the North, or the present-day developed countries, even
though it is now a standard part of the development lexicon of the South, or the
developing countries.Given the northern roots of social exclusion, there was an
understandable scepticism about whether this concept would be used to assess
“southern realities in terms of the extent to which they converge, or diverge,
from some ‘standard’ northern model , or whether it would add something useful
and novel to our understanding of deprivation.
Prior to the emergence of this concept, social policies were discussed in terms
poverty, inequality, distribution: concepts which were well-defined,
well-understood, axiomatic, and rigorously researched. The analytical rigour of
these concepts is reflected in their durability and the lack of ambiguity.
(b) A more effective system of
performance appraisal should acknowledge the subjective elements in it and be
less obsessed with the objective criteria. Elucidate. 15 Marks
ANSWER: ONLY FOR PAID MEMBERS
(c) Is William Niskanen’s “Budget
Maximising Model” relevant today? Argue. 15 Marks
ANSWER: ONLY FOR PAID MEMBERS
