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Current Public Administration Magazine (NOVEMBER 2023)

Sample Material of Current Public Administration Magazine

(NOVEMBER 2023)

1.Accountability & Responsibility

  • NPM Both Panacea and Plague to PA

New Public Management (NPM) is a term that refers to a set of reforms that aim to make the public sector more efficient, effective, and responsive by applying private sector management principles and practices. NPM emerged in the 1980s and 1990s as a response to the challenges of globalization, competition, and technological changes that affected the public sector. NPM has been adopted by many countries around the world, especially in the Anglo-American and Western European contexts.

NPM has been both praised and criticized by scholars and practitioners of public administration. Some of the arguments in favor of NPM are:

  • NPM improves the performance and accountability of public services by introducing market mechanisms, such as contracting out, competition, and customer orientation.
  • NPM enhances the flexibility and innovation of public managers by granting them more autonomy, discretion, and incentives.
  • NPM reduces the costs and bureaucracy of the public sector by downsizing, decentralizing, and streamlining the organizational structures and processes.

Some of the arguments against NPM are:

  •  NPM undermines the democratic values and principles of the public sector by prioritizing efficiency over equity, participation, and transparency.
  • NPM erodes the professionalism and ethics of public servants by exposing them to market pressures, conflicts of interest, and corruption.
  • NPM creates new problems and challenges for the public sector by increasing the complexity, fragmentation, and uncertainty of the governance system.
  • Therefore, NPM can be seen as both a panacea and a plague to public administration, depending on the perspective, context, and outcome of its implementation. NPM is not a monolithic or universal model, but a diverse and dynamic phenomenon that varies across time, space, and sectors. NPM has both strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and risks, benefits and costs, for the public sector and the society at large. NPM requires careful analysis, adaptation, and evaluation to ensure its suitability and sustainability for the public interest.

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2. Indian Government and Politics

  • Contribution of Max Weber Bureaucracy to PA

Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy is one of the most influential and enduring theories of public administration. It is based on the idea that bureaucracy is the most rational and efficient form of organization for the modern society, which is characterized by complexity, diversity, and dynamism .

According to Weber, bureaucracy has the following features :

  • A clear division of labor, where each official has a specific and specialized task to perform.
  • A hierarchical structure, where each official is subordinate to a higher authority and accountable for their actions.
  • A formal and impersonal system of rules and regulations, which govern the behavior and decisions of the officials.
  • A merit-based and career-oriented system of recruitment and promotion, which ensures the competence and loyalty of the officials.
  • A separation of the personal and professional spheres, where the officials act in the interest of the organization and not their own.

Weber's theory of bureaucracy has several implications for public administration. Some of the positive implications are:

  • Bureaucracy enhances the performance and accountability of public services, by ensuring that they are delivered in a consistent, reliable, and impartial manner  .
  • Bureaucracy enables the public sector to cope with the challenges of complexity, scale, and diversity, by providing a clear and coherent framework for coordination and communication  .
  • Bureaucracy facilitates the implementation of public policies and programs, by providing the necessary expertise, resources, and authority  .

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3. Social Administration

  • Emerging Problems in PA

Emerging problems in public administration are the issues and challenges that affect the functioning and performance of the public sector in delivering public goods and services to the citizens. Some of the emerging problems in public administration are:

  • Fiscal sanity: The public sector faces the problem of managing its finances in a sustainable and responsible manner, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has increased the demand for public spending and reduced the revenue sources. The public sector needs to balance its budget, reduce its debt, and ensure its fiscal credibility and accountability.
  • Crisis of competence: The public sector faces the problem of attracting, retaining, and developing competent and committed public servants, who can cope with the complex and dynamic challenges of public administration. The public sector needs to improve its human resource management, enhance its training and development, and foster its organizational culture and values.
  • Information overload: The public sector faces the problem of managing and utilizing the vast amount of data and information that is generated and collected by various sources and stakeholders. The public sector needs to improve its data governance, data quality, data security, and data analytics, and leverage the potential of data for evidence-based decision making and innovation.
  • Governing without boundaries: The public sector faces the problem of collaborating and coordinating with multiple actors and sectors, such as the private sector, the civil society, and the international community, in addressing the cross-cutting and interdependent issues of public administration. The public sector needs to adopt a networked and participatory approach, enhance its communication and trust, and foster its partnerships and alliances.

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4. Current Topics

  • Ethics in Public Administration

Ethics in public administration is a topic that deals with the moral principles and values that guide the behavior and decisions of public officials and employees. Ethics in public administration is important for ensuring the integrity, accountability, and legitimacy of the public sector, as well as the trust and confidence of the citizens.

Ethics in public administration can be influenced by various factors, such as the legal framework, the organizational culture, the professional codes, the political environment, and the personal conscience of the individuals.

Some of the main issues and challenges related to ethics in public administration are:

  • How to define and measure the ethical standards and outcomes of public administration, and how to balance them with other criteria, such as efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness.
  • How to prevent and combat corruption, fraud, abuse of power, and other forms of unethical conduct in the public sector, and how to enforce accountability and transparency.
  • How to promote and foster a culture of ethics and values in the public sector, and how to educate and train public officials and employees on ethical principles and practices.
  • How to cope with the ethical dilemmas and conflicts that arise from the complex and dynamic nature of public administration, and how to resolve them in a fair and impartial manner.
  • How to adapt and innovate the ethical framework and mechanisms of public administration to the changing needs and expectations of the society, and how to incorporate the perspectives and interests of various stakeholders, such as the private sector, the civil society, and the international community.
  • Ethics in public administration is not a static or universal concept, but a dynamic and contextual one, that requires constant reflection, dialogue, and evaluation.
  • Ethics in public administration is not only a matter of rules and regulations, but also a matter of values and virtues, that shape the character and conduct of public officials and employees.

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5. Indian Administration

  • Public Administration as An Academic Discipline

Public administration as an academic discipline is the study of how public policies are developed, implemented, and evaluated by public officials and employees in various levels and sectors of government. Public administration as an academic discipline also prepares students and practitioners for working in the public service, by providing them with the theoretical knowledge and practical skills needed to perform their roles effectively and ethically.

Public administration as an academic discipline has several characteristics, such as:

  • It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, that draws on concepts and methods from various social sciences, such as political science, sociology, economics, psychology, and law, as well as from other disciplines, such as management, philosophy, and history.
  • It is a normative and applied field, that aims to improve the performance and accountability of public services, by using evidence-based research, best practices, and ethical principles to inform and guide the decision-making and problem-solving processes of public administrators.
  • It is a diverse and contextual field, that reflects and responds to the changing needs and expectations of the society, as well as the specific challenges and opportunities of different public organizations, sectors, and regions.

Public administration as an academic discipline has several functions, such as:

  • It educates and trains current and future public servants, by offering various programs and courses, such as bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees, certificates, diplomas, and professional development programs, that cover the core topics and competencies of public administration.

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Current Public Administration Magazine (OCTOBER 2023)

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(OCTOBER 2023)

1.Accountability & Responsibility

  • Indian Judicial System VS USA Judicial System

The Indian judicial system and the USA judicial system are both based on the common law tradition, which originated in England. However, they have some significant differences in their structure, function and role. Here are some of the main differences between the two judicial systems:

  • Structure: The Indian judicial system consists of a single integrated hierarchy of courts, with the Supreme Court of India at the apex, followed by the High Courts of various states and union territories, and then the subordinate courts at the district and lower levels. The USA judicial system consists of a dual court system, with a federal judiciary and a state judiciary. The federal judiciary comprises of the Supreme Court of the United States, followed by the U.S. Courts of Appeals and the U.S. District Courts. The state judiciary comprises of the Supreme Courts of each state, followed by the intermediate appellate courts and the trial courts.
  • Function: The Indian judicial system performs various functions, such as interpreting and applying the Constitution and laws, adjudicating disputes between individuals, groups or governments, protecting the fundamental rights of citizens, reviewing the actions of the executive and legislature, and ensuring justice and fairness. The USA judicial system performs similar functions, but with some differences. For instance, the federal judiciary deals only with cases involving federal laws, treaties, constitutionality or disputes between states or foreign parties. The state judiciary deals with cases involving state laws or disputes within a state. Also, the Supreme Court of India has more original jurisdiction than the Supreme Court of the United States, which means it can hear certain cases directly without any lower court's decision.
  • Role: The Indian judicial system plays a vital role in ensuring the constitutional governance and stability of the country. It acts as a guardian of the Constitution and a protector of the rights and interests of the states and the people. It also acts as a moderator and arbitrator in case of any conflict or deadlock between different organs or levels of government. The USA judicial system plays a similar role, but with some differences. For instance, the federal judiciary has more power and independence than the state judiciary, which is subject to the control and influence of the state governments. Also, the Supreme Court of India has more power and activism than the Supreme Court of the United States, which means it can intervene more frequently and extensively in matters of public policy and social justice.

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2. Indian Government and Politics

  • Indian PM VS President

The power, role and function of the Indian Prime Minister are as follows:

  • Power: The Prime Minister is the head of the government and the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Lok Sabha. He has the power to appoint and dismiss the ministers, allocate portfolios, preside over the cabinet meetings, advise the President on various matters, represent the country in international forums, and deal with any emergency or crisis situation. He is also the head of various departments and agencies, such as the NITI Aayog, the Nuclear Command Authority, the Department of Atomic Energy, etc.
  •  Role: The Prime Minister plays a crucial role in shaping the policies and programmes of the government in various sectors and domains. He coordinates and supervises the activities of different ministries and departments. He acts as a link between the political executive and the permanent bureaucracy. He also acts as a platform for cooperative federalism and partnership between the central and state governments. He also acts as a spokesperson and representative of the nation at home and abroad.

Function: The Prime Minister performs various functions, such as:

  • Policy formulation: He advises the government on strategic policy issues across various sectors and domains. He also drafts vision documents, action plans and reports for long-term and short-term goals.
  • Policy coordination: He coordinates the policies and programmes of different ministries and departments. He ensures that there is no overlap or contradiction among them. He also resolves any inter-ministerial disputes or conflicts.
  • Policy implementation: He monitors the implementation of various policies and programmes initiated by the government. He also evaluates their impact and outcomes.
  • Policy innovation: He fosters innovation and creativity in policy-making and implementation. He encourages the use of technology, data and evidence-based approaches. He also promotes best practices and learning from national and international experiences.
  • The Prime Minister of India is a powerful, influential and important position in the Indian political system. He is responsible for providing strategic direction and vision to the government in various sectors and subjects. He is also accountable to the Parliament and the people for his actions and decisions.

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3. Social Administration

  • NITI Aayog VS Planning Commission

NITI Aayog is an acronym for National Institution for Transforming India, which is a policy think tank and advisory body of the Government of India. It was established on January 1, 2015, to replace the Planning Commission, which was seen as outdated and ineffective. The organisation, function and role of NITI Aayog are as follows:

  • Organisation: NITI Aayog is headed by the Prime Minister of India, who is the chairperson of the institution. It has a governing council, which consists of the chief ministers of all states and union territories, and the lieutenant governors of some union territories. It also has a vice-chairperson, who is appointed by the Prime Minister, and four full-time members, who are experts in various fields. It has two part-time members, who are selected from leading universities and research institutions. It also has four ex-officio members, who are the ministers of finance, home affairs, defence and agriculture. It has a chief executive officer (CEO), who is appointed by the Prime Minister, and a secretariat, which provides administrative support.
  • Function: NITI Aayog performs various functions, such as:
  • Policy formulation: It advises the government on strategic policy issues across various sectors and domains. It also drafts vision documents, action plans and reports for long-term and short-term goals.
  • Policy coordination: It coordinates the policies and programmes of different ministries and departments. It ensures that there is no overlap or contradiction among them. It also resolves any inter-ministerial disputes or conflicts.
  • Policy implementation: It monitors the implementation of various policies and programmes initiated by the government. It also evaluates their impact and outcomes.

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4. Current Topics

  • President VS Governor

  • The power, role and function of the Indian President and the Governor are different in the Indian political system. The President is the head of the state and the supreme commander of the armed forces, while the Governor is the head of a state and the representative of the centre. The President is indirectly elected by an electoral college, while the Governor is nominated by the President. The President can be removed only by impeachment, while the Governor can be removed at any time by the President. The main differences between their powers and functions are as follows:
  • Executive powers: The President appoints and dismisses the Prime Minister, the ministers, the judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, the governors of the states, and other constitutional authorities. The Governor appoints and dismisses the Chief Minister, the ministers, and some state officials. The President exercises his executive powers through his council of ministers, headed by the Prime Minister. The Governor exercises his executive powers through his council of ministers, headed by the Chief Minister.
  • Legislative powers: The President is an integral part of the Parliament, along with the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. He summons and prorogues the Parliament, dissolves the Lok Sabha, assents or withholds assent to bills, promulgates ordinances, nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha and two members to the Lok Sabha. The Governor is not a part of the state legislature, but he can summon and prorogue it, dissolve the legislative assembly, assent or withhold assent to bills, reserve bills for consideration of the President, promulgate ordinances, nominate one member to the legislative assembly.
  • Financial powers: The President causes to be laid before Parliament the annual financial statement (budget), demands for grants, appropriation bills and finance bills. He also appoints the finance commission every five years to recommend the distribution of revenues between the centre and the states. The Governor causes to be laid before the state legislature the annual financial statement (budget), demands for grants, appropriation bills and finance bills. He also appoints a state finance commission every five years to review the financial position of local bodies.

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5. Indian Administration

  • Central Secretariat VS Cabinet Secretariat 

The central secretariat and the cabinet secretariat are two important institutions in the Indian administrative system. They have different roles and functions, as explained below:

  •  The central secretariat is a collection of departments or ministries in the central government, headed by various secretaries of the government. It assists the ministers in policy-making, legislation, coordination, budgeting and implementation of various programs and schemes. It also acts as a communication channel between the government and its agencies. The central secretariat is under the charge of the respective ministers and is governed by the Central Secretariat rules of 1962.
  • The cabinet secretariat is a special department that provides secretarial assistance to the cabinet of India, headed by the prime minister. It facilitates smooth transaction of business between ministries and departments of the government, and ensures adherence to the Government of India (Transaction of Business) Rules, 1961 and the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules 1961. It also handles sensitive matters such as national security, intelligence, defence, foreign affairs and crisis management. The cabinet secretariat is under the charge of the prime minister and is headed by the cabinet secretary.
  • The main difference between the central secretariat and the cabinet secretariat is that the former is a general administrative body that deals with various subjects and sectors, while the latter is a specific administrative body that deals with high-level and confidential matters. The central secretariat is divided into several ministries and departments, each with its own secretary, while the cabinet secretariat is a single department with one secretary. The central secretariat works under the supervision and direction of the respective ministers, while the cabinet secretariat works under the direct control and authority of the prime minister.

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Current Public Administration Magazine (SEPTEMBER 2023)

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(SEPTEMBER 2023)

1.Accountability & Responsibility

  • Comparison between role of US President, Indian President and British Monarch

The role of the US President, the Indian President and the British Monarch are different in terms of their powers, functions and responsibilities. Here is a brief comparison between them:

  • The US President is the head of state and the head of government of the United States of America. He or she is elected by the people through an indirect system of electoral college for a term of four years. He or she can be re-elected for one more term.
  • The US President is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and has the power to declare war, make treaties, appoint judges, ambassadors and other officials, veto bills passed by the Congress, issue executive orders and pardons, and propose legislation.
  • The US President is also the leader of his or her political party and the chief spokesperson of the nation. He or she represents the US in various national and international forums and maintains diplomatic relations with other countries.
  • The Indian President is the head of state of India, but not the head of government. He or she is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both houses of Parliament and state legislatures for a term of five years. He or she can be re-elected for any number of terms.
  • The Indian President is the supreme commander of the armed forces, but does not have any executive powers. He or she acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, who are the real executive authority.
  • The Indian President has the power to appoint judges, governors, ambassadors and other officials, assent or withhold assent to bills passed by the Parliament, issue ordinances when the Parliament is not in session, grant pardons and clemency, and dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Prime Minister.
  • The Indian President is also a symbol of national unity and integrity and a guardian of the Constitution. He or she addresses both houses of Parliament at the beginning of each session and represents India in various national and international forums.
  • The British Monarch is the head of state of the United Kingdom, but not the head of government. He or she inherits the throne by hereditary succession and rules for life. The British Monarch is also the head of the Commonwealth, which consists of 54 independent countries that were formerly under British rule.
  • The British Monarch does not have any real executive powers, as he or she acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet, who are the real executive authority. The British Monarch has the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister and other ministers, assent to bills passed by the Parliament, summon or prorogue the Parliament, grant honours and titles, issue royal proclamations and orders in council, declare war and peace, and grant pardons.
  • The British Monarch is also a symbol of national identity and continuity and a source of stability and unity. He or she delivers a speech at the opening of each session of Parliament and represents the UK in various national and international events.

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2. Indian Government and Politics

  • Power and Functions of PM

The Prime Minister of India is the head of the government and the leader of the executive branch. He or she is appointed by the President of India after the general elections and is usually the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Lok Sabha. The Prime Minister has various powers and functions, which can be broadly classified into the following categories:

  • In relation to the President: The Prime Minister is the principal adviser to the President and communicates all decisions of the Cabinet to him or her. The Prime Minister also recommends persons who can be appointed as ministers, judges, governors, ambassadors, and other constitutional authorities by the President. The Prime Minister can also advise the President to summon or prorogue the Parliament, dissolve the Lok Sabha, or impose a national emergencyhttps://prepp.in/news/e-492-powers-and-functions-of-prime-minister-indian-polity-upsc-notes.
  • In relation to the Council of Ministers: The Prime Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers and presides over its meetings. He or she allocates and reshuffles various portfolios among the ministers and can ask any minister to resign or advise the President to dismiss him or her. The Prime Minister also guides, directs, controls, and coordinates the activities of all the ministers and is responsible for maintaining the unity and discipline among themhttps://byjus.com/question-answer/describe-the-powers-and-functions-of-the-prime-minister-of-india/.
  • In relation to the Parliament: The Prime Minister is the leader of the House to which he or she belongs, either Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha. He or she announces government policies and programmes on the floor of the House and answers questions raised by the members. He or she also defends his or her government against motions of no-confidence, censure, or adjournment. The Prime Minister can also introduce bills and resolutions in the Parliament and influence their passagehttps://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/powers-and-duties-of-indian-prime-minister-1492423742-1.

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3. Economic Administration

  • Caste Survey in Bihar

  • The caste survey in Bihar is a recent initiative by the state government to collect and publish data on the caste-wise population and socio-economic status of the people. The survey was conducted in two phases, house listing and caste and economic enumeration, from January to August 2023. The data was released on October 2, 2023, on the occasion of Gandhi Jayanti. The survey is expected to have significant implications for the politics, policy and society of Bihar.
  • According to the survey, Bihar has a total population of about 13 crore, of which 63% belong to the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) and Extremely Backward Classes (EBCs). The OBCs constitute 27% and the EBCs constitute 36% of the population. The Forward Castes or General Category account for 15.5%, the Scheduled Castes (SCs) for 20%, and the Scheduled Tribes (STs) for 1.6% of the population. Among the religious groups, Hindus comprise 82% and Muslims 17.72% of the population. The rest are Buddhists, Christians, Sikhs, Jains and others.
  • The purpose of the caste survey is to gather detailed socio-economic data that can help in designing and implementing better policies and programs for the marginalized communities. The survey also aims to update the caste data that was last collected in 1931 by the British colonial administration. The survey may also lead to demands for increasing or revising the reservation quotas for different castes, especially the OBCs and EBCs, who claim to be under-represented in education, employment and politics. The survey may also influence the electoral strategies of various political parties, who seek to mobilize and appease different caste groups.
  • The caste survey in Bihar is a landmark exercise that reflects the importance of caste as a social reality and a political factor in India. It also raises questions about the need and feasibility of conducting a similar survey at the national level, which has been a long-standing demand of many groups and parties.
  • The caste survey in Bihar has implications for both electoral and reservation politics in the state. The survey reveals the numerical strength and socio-economic status of different caste groups, which can influence their voting preferences and demands. The survey also provides a basis for revising or increasing the reservation quotas for different castes, especially the OBCs and EBCs, who claim to be under-represented in education, employment and politics.

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4. Current Topics

  • “one nation, one election” 

  • National elections and state elections together in India is a proposal to hold the elections to the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies simultaneously, once in every five years. The idea is to reduce the cost, disruption and frequency of elections, and to improve governance and policy-making. However, the idea also faces several challenges, such as constitutional, logistical, legal and political issues.
  • The idea of simultaneous elections is not new to India. In fact, the first general election to the Lok Sabha in 1951-52 was held along with all state assemblies. This practice continued till 1967, when some state assemblies were dissolved prematurely, leading to separate elections. Since then, the elections to the Lok Sabha and the state assemblies have been held separately, sometimes even in the same year.
  • The idea of simultaneous elections has been revived by various leaders and experts in recent years. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been a vocal supporter of the idea, and has called for a wider debate on it. President Pranab Mukherjee and former President APJ Abdul Kalam have also endorsed the idea in their speeches. The Law Commission of India, the NITI Aayog, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice, and some former chief election commissioners have also favoured simultaneous elections in their reports.

The main arguments in favour of simultaneous elections are:

  • It will reduce the expenditure incurred by the Election Commission and the political parties on conducting and campaigning for elections. According to a NITI Aayog paper, the estimated expenditure for conducting simultaneous elections in 2019 would be around Rs 4,500 crore, as compared to Rs 9,000 crore if held separately.
  • It will reduce the diversion of human resources and public buildings for election duties. A large number of government employees, security personnel and teachers are deployed for election-related work, affecting their regular responsibilities.
  • It will reduce the disruption of governance due to the imposition of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), which restricts the announcement and implementation of new policies and programmes by the government during election season.
  • It will reduce the frequency of elections, which are seen as a source of corruption, casteism, communalism and populism. Simultaneous elections may also increase voter turnout and participation.

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5. Indian Administration

  • Review of Administrative Reforms in India

  • A review of administrative reforms in India in detail would require a lot of time and space, but I will try to give you a brief overview of the main features and outcomes of the various reforms that have been undertaken since independence.
  • Administrative reforms in India can be broadly classified into three phases: pre-independence, post-independence, and contemporary. Each phase has its own context, objectives, challenges, and achievements.
  • Administrative reforms in India are the efforts to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, accountability and transparency of the public administration in the country. Administrative reforms have been undertaken at various levels and in various sectors since independence, with the aim of making governance more responsive, participatory and citizen-centric. Some of the major administrative reforms in India are:
  • The First Administrative Reforms Commission (1966-1970): This was the first comprehensive attempt to review the machinery and procedures of the government of India and suggest reforms for better performance. The commission submitted 20 reports covering various aspects of administration, such as planning, center-state relations, financial administration, personnel administration, economic administration, district administration, agricultural administration and redressal of citizens' grievances. The commission made 537 major recommendations, some of which were implemented by the government.
  • The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2005-2009): This was set up to prepare a detailed blueprint for revamping the public administration system in the light of the challenges of the 21st century. The commission submitted 15 reports covering various themes, such as right to information, ethics in governance, local governance, e-governance, crisis management, public order, social capital, combating terrorism and administrative law. The commission made 1514 recommendations, some of which were accepted and implemented by the government.

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