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(Download) UPSC MAIN EXAM : 2024 BOTANY (Paper-2)

(Download) CS (MAIN) EXAM:2024 Botany (Paper II)

  • Exam Name: CS (MAIN) EXAM:2024 Botany (Paper II)

  • Marks: 250

  • Time Allowed : Three Hours

खण्ड 'A' SECTION ‘A’ 

1. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each : 10 × 5 = 50 

1. (a) Explain the types of variations found in the structure of chromosomes and discuss their importance and significance. 
1. (b) Explain with at least two examples what is incomplete dominance and polygenic inheritance and what happens as a result of these events? 
1. (c) Discuss what are cell receptors and how do they help in cell signalling? Elaborate the answer with the help of at least one example. 
1. (d) Discuss with one example the role of RNA in the origin and evolution of life.
1. (e) Probability and distribution are two important factors which should always be taken into account to establish a successful breeding programme. Explain with a suitable example.

2. (a) Explain briefly the process and importance of the following: 
2. (a) (i) Male sterility and heterosis breeding. 
2. (a) (ii) Molecular basis of cell cycle. 
2. (a) (iii) Gene silencing. 
2. (b) Discuss briefly different methods of gene mapping. How molecular maps are of help in evulating the gene function? 
2. (c) Explain what is apomixis and how this may be of help in plant breeding? Elaborate the answer with suitable examples. 

3. (a) Describe along with illustrated diagrams the structure and function of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. 
3. (b) (i) Explain with example how male sterility is related to cytoplasmic inheritance? 
3. (b) (ii) Discuss in brief the molecular basis of sex determination in plants.
3. (c) Explain the process of protein synthesis in plants and write a note on the structure and function of proteins. 

4. (a) Discuss briefly the following and comment on their significance: 10+5+5=20 
4. (a) (i) In what way the transfer of genes in plants help in their sustainable development ? Support the answer with an example. 
4. (a) (ii) Importance of biosafety aspects of transgenic crops. 
4. (a) (iii) Polytene chromosomes. 
4. (b) Explain how mass selection will be of help in a successful breeding program. Elaborate the answer with a suitable example. 
4. (c) Briefly discuss various theories of organic evolution. Support the answer with a suitable example and evidence. 

खण्ड 'B' SECTION 'B' 

5. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each : 10×5=50 

5. (a) Explain what is secondary active transport. Discuss its importance in ion acquisition in plants. 
5. (b) Discuss what is GOGAT? Comment on its catalytic function. 
5.(c) Regulation of seed dormancy and germination by phytohormones. 
5. (d) Metallophytes and their practical importance. 
5. (e) Invasive alien species and their impact on biodiversity. 

6. (a) Explain the compartmentation of biochemical reactions in photorespiration. Comment upon the significance of the process. 
6. (b) Describe the structure of phytochrome. Explain its mode of action in flowering plants. 
6. (c) Give a concise account on altitudinal zonation of vegetation with special reference to Himalayan Vegetation. 

7. (a) Define leaf senescence. Describe important physiological and biochemical changes taking place during this process. Comment upon the regulation of senescence by phytohormones. 
7. (b) Describe the molecular organization of chloroplast ATP synthase. Explain its mechanism of action. 
7. (c) (i) Discuss the causes, consequences and control of eutrophication. 
7. (c) (ii) In present Indian scenario, explain the importance of biosphere reserves in bio-diversity conservation. 

8. (a)(i) What are allosteric enzymes? Explain in detail on the allosteric enzyme modulation. 8 
8. (a) (ii) Describe the process of gluconeogenesis and its significance.
8. (b) What is environmental management? Discuss various control measures to minimize environmental pollution. 
8. (c) Differentiate between mutualism and commensalism by citing two examples for each of them. 

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(Download) UPSC MAIN EXAM : 2024 BOTANY (Paper-1)

(Download) CS (MAIN) EXAM:2024 Botany (Paper I)

  • Exam Name: CS (MAIN) EXAM:2024 Botany (Paper I)

  • Marks: 250

  • Time Allowed : Three Hours

खण्ड - A / SECTION — A 

1. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : 10×5=50 

(a) How are viruses classified based on their symmetry? With a suitable diagram, explain the structure of T4 phage. 
(b) Explain various modes of entry of plant pathogens into their hosts. 
(c) Mention ecological and economic significance of bryophytes. 
(d) Where are the gymnosperms distributed naturally in India? Mention the places where fossils of Bennettitales occur abundantly in India. 
(e) What are the principal directions of evolution of floral structure in angiosperms? Name the ANA grade orders of angiosperms. 

2. (a) Describe the five distinct stages in the life cycle of Puccinia graminis with suitable diagrams. 
(b) With suitable examples, bring out the industrial uses of microorganisms. What are the advantages of using immobilised enzymes and cells in commercial processes? 
(c) Why is Ginkgo biloba called a 'living fossil'? Discuss in the light of its reproductive structures. 

3. (a) Enumerate the beneficial and harmful effects of algae. Add a note on their commercial cultivation. 
(b) Draw the life cycles of a homosporous and a heterosporous pteridophyte. How do they differ? Which is more evolved and why? 
(c) Compare the key features of classifications proposed by Hutchinson and Dahlgren. Discuss their merits and demerits. 

4. (a) Describe the male and female gametophytes of Pinus. How are the processes of pollination and fertilization accomplished in Pinus? 
(b) Illustrate the plant body of Psilotum. Add a note on the primitive characters of Psilotum which indicate its close relation to extinct group Psilotales. 10+5=15 
(c) What are myxomycetes? Outline the life cycle of a typical myxomycete. Mention its protozoa-like and fungus-like characters. 

खण्ड - B / SECTION —— B

5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :10 × 5 = 50 

(a) What are the consequences of domestication of plants? Explain. 
(b) Describe how successive cambia cause thickening of the stem in some flowering plants Name any two families that display this phenomenon.
(c) Distinguish various types of agamospermy. Why is apomixis now regarded a tool of practical importance? 
(d) Write the botanical names, family and parts used of any five fibre-yielding plants. 
(e) Differentiate between zygotic and somatic embryos. 

6. (a) Describe different types of endosperm development in angiosperms. What is the significance of aleurone tissue? Mention the function of endosperm in seed. 
(b) Explain and illustrate the characteristic features of Brassicaceae. Mention any five species of the family and their economic importance. 
(c) Write an explanatory note on nutritional superiority of millets over cereals. Write the botanical names of any five millets grown in India. Mention the advantages of cultivating millets. 

7. (a) Write an explanatory account of ethnobotany. Give a critical account of whether ethnobotany is a faith, myth or science. 
(b) Compare the differentiation of xylem and phloem from the cells cut off by cambium. How is a vessel structurally different from a sieve element?
(c) What are the causes of variability in regenerated plants in tissue cultures? Give an account of utility of such variants in improvement of crop plants with examples. 

8. (a) Basal media, growth regulators, sterilization and culture conditions are essential components of plant tissue culture techniques. Write an explanatory note on each of these components. 
(b) How are pollen haploids produced? What are the methods to diploidize such haploids? Explain the importance of pollen haploids in agricultural research. 
(c) "Polarity and symmetry are two essential components of morphogenesis in plants." Elaborate the statement. 
 

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(Download) UPSC MAIN EXAM : 2024 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY (Paper-2)

(Download) CS (MAIN) EXAM:2024 Animal Husbandry (Paper -II)

  • Exam Name: CS (MAIN) EXAM:2024  Animal Husbandry (Paper II)

  • Marks: 250

  • Time Allowed : Three Hours

खण्ड -A / SECTION — A 

1. Discuss the following in about 150 words each : 10×5=50

(a) Twinning during embryonic development in animals 
(b) Classification of antimicrobial agents based on the mechanism of action with examples 
(c) Specific requirements for brooder house of chicken 
(d) Important clinical signs exhibited by poultry due to deficiency of vitamin E 
(e) Clinical symptoms and treatment of impaction in bovines 

2. (a) Describe the etiology, clinical signs, postmortem lesions and control of hemorrhagic septicemia in buffaloes. 
(b) Describe various methods and procedures for in vitro staining with reference to histological examination. 
(c) Explain the pharmacology and clinical use of atropine in animals. 

3. (a) Discuss the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of abomasal displacement in cows. 
(b) Describe the causes, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hypomagnesemic tetany. 
(c) Justify the enhanced acceptability of indigenous livestock breeds in changing climate scenario. 

4. (a) Explain various biological samples to be collected for laboratory investigation in bovines along with the tests which can be applied on these samples. 
(b) Discuss different types of conventional vaccines and name the animal diseases against which the vaccines are available in India. 
(c) Describe the boundaries and contents of pelvic cavity in male and female bovines.

खण्ड - B / SECTION — B 

5. Discuss the following in about 150 words each : 10×5=50 

(a) Classification of zoonoses based on etiological agents 
(b) Significance of the cohort, case-control and cross-sectional epidemiological studies in animals 
(c) Various procedures for the pasteurization of market milk 
(d) Mechanism of rigor mortis in the goat carcass 
(e) Preslaughter handling and transportation of poultry 

6. (a) Describe the physical, chemical and microbiological examination of blood stains required for veterolegal purposes. 
(b) Explain the manufacturing processes of reconstituted and recombined milks, and compare their attributes. 
(c) Describe various stunning techniques employed for humane slaughter of animals. 

7. (a) Explain the basic processing procedures for the preparation of convenience meat products. 
(b) Discuss the production and physico-chemical properties of cream. Enumerate the common defects encountered during its manufacture and storage. 
(c) Write down various steps in the processing of wool for woollen apparels. 

8. (a) Describe the social and economic implications of proper utilization of slaughter-house byproducts. 
(b) Discuss the preliminary steps required at the field level for controlling an infectious outbreak in animals. 
(c) Enlist various flavour defects in the market milk, their causes and preventions.

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(Download) UPSC MAIN EXAM : 2024 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY (Paper-1)

(Download) CS (MAIN) EXAM:2024 Animal Husbandry (Paper -I)

  • Exam Name: CS (MAIN) EXAM:2024  Animal Husbandry (Paper I)

  • Marks: 250

  • Time Allowed : Three Hours

खण्ड 'A' SECTION ‘A’ 

1. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :10 × 5 = 50 

1. (a) Write about how secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary gland is regulated in animals ? 
1. (b) Discuss in brief about the physiological adjustment of camel in hot desert.
1. (c) Mention about the advantages and disadvantages of information and communication technology (I.C.T.) into animal husbandry. 
1.(d) Discuss about the protein efficiency ratio. 
1.(e) Describe Weende method of feed analysis. 

2. (a) Describe the measurement of energy retention by carbon-nitrogen balance technique. 
2. (b) What is "growth curve"? Describe the different stages of growth curve in animals. 
2. (c) Write about the nutrient requirement of chicken. 

3. (a) Describe about the copper-molybdenum-sulphur inter-relationship in ruminants. 
3. (b) Write in detail about the components of circulatory system in animals.
3. (c) Explain about the feeding of breeding bulls. 
3. (d) Discuss about the use and abuse of antibiotics as feed additives in swine feeding. 
 
4. (a) Describe the various blood biochemical tests and discuss their importance in health status of animals. 
4. (b) Classify antinutritional factors with suitable examples. 
4. (c) Give the diagrammatic representation of kidney.

खण्ड 'B' SECTION 'B' 

5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : 10 × 5 = 50 

5. (a) Mention the steps involved in cryopreservation of bull semen.
5.(b) Discuss the points to be considered during care and management of neonatal calf. 
5.(c) Write the characteristics of Gir and Sahiwal cattle. 
5. (d) Discuss the feeding strategies of goat for chevon production.
5. (e) Explain the breeding system used for pig production in India. 

6. (a) Justify the statement that "Maintenance of sires in good condition is essentially required for the success of breeding programmes". Discuss the important points for the management of breeding males in good condition. 
6. (b) Describe the methods of oestrus detection in sheep. 
6.(c) Enumerate different types of natural calamities which may be encountered by the livestock rearer. Draw strategies for feeding and management of livestock during natural calamities to minimize the production losses. 

7.(a) Suggest the strategies which should be implemented by the dairy farmers to ensure round the year supply of green fodder. 
7.(b) Differentiate between the following: 
(i) Quantitative and qualitative traits 
(ii) Sex limited and sex influenced characters 
(iii) Production and reproductive traits 
(iv) Anoestrus and repeat breeding 
7. (c) Describe in detail the advantages and disadvantages of artificial insemination in animals. 

8. (a) Define gene frequency. Describe the method of estimation of gene frequency from genotypic frequency with the help of a suitable example. 
8. (b) Write the role of NDDB in rural development. 
8. (c) Write short notes on the following: 
(i) Methane inhibitors 
(ii) Role of rumen in feed fermentation 
(iii) Chemical regulation of respiration 
(iv) Blood-brain barrier 

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(Download) UPSC MAIN EXAM : 2024 Agriculture (Paper-2)

(Download) CS (MAIN) EXAM:2024 Agriculture (Paper II)

  • Exam Name: CS (MAIN) EXAM:2024  Agriculture (Paper -II)
  • Marks: 250
  • Time Allowed : Three Hours

खण्ड - A / SECTION — A 

1. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : 10×5 = 50 

(a) Explain the ultrastructure of chloroplast with the help of diagram. Briefly discuss the chemical composition and functions of chloroplast in higher plants. 
(b) Describe the latest advances in biotechnology for crop improvement. 
(c) Describe different approaches for improving the characteristics of inbred lines. 
(d) Discuss various tests undertaken in seed testing laboratories. 
(e) Discuss various theories of ion uptake with respect to passive absorption. 

2. (a) What is chromosomal aberration? Briefly discuss the changes in chromosomal structure due to aberrations. 
(b) Discuss the importance of crop genetic resource conservation and utilization. 
(c) Briefly explain the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC). How are rooting characteristics related to the moisture extraction pattern from the soil? 

3. (a) What is allopolyploidy? Describe its applications and limitations in crops. 
(b) Discuss the involvement of public and private sectors in production and marketing of seeds. 
(c) Give an account of bulk method of breeding. Discuss its merits and demerits. 

4. (a) Give an account of cytoplasmic genetic male sterility and its utilization in plant breeding. Also discuss its limitations. 
(b) What is distant hybridization? Discuss its applications, achievements and limitations in plant breeding. 
(c) Discuss the guidelines for planning and organization of seed production programme. 

खण्ड - B / SECTION — B 

5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each : 10×5 = 50 

(a) Explain the properties and functions of enzymes in plants. 
(b) Write the methods of production of seed tubers from true potato seeds (TPS) under protected cultivation. 
(c) Discuss the systematic position, nature of damage and management of insect and mite pests of brinjal. 
(d) What is the scenario of hunger and malnutrition in the country? Discuss the initiatives taken by the government for their mitigation. 
(e) Illustrate how technology is improving the efficiency of public distribution system in the country. 
 
6. (a) Describe the process of anaerobic respiration and explain the factors affecting respiration. 
(b) Discuss banana crop in respect of its varieties, nutrient management, plant protection and post-harvest handling. 
(c) Discuss the factors which contribute to food insecurity in the country despite of significant improvement in food production and distribution. 

7. (a) Define water stress. Discuss the effects of water stress on anatomical and physiological changes in plant growth. Also discuss soil and weather based plant water stress indicators. 
(b) Discuss the causal organism, symptoms and management of tungro disease in rice. 
(c) What are the reasons behind food inflation? Discuss how it can be mitigated. 

8. (a) Explain the mode of action of organophosphate and Bacillus thuringiensis which are used in pest management. 
(b) What is phytochrome? Discuss its two forms and differentiate them. 
(c) Discuss the reasons for gap between production and consumption of cereals in the country. How can it be rectified? 

(Download) UPSC IAS Mains Exam 2024 - PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (Paper-2)

(Download) UPSC IAS Mains Exam 2024

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (Paper-2)

  • Exam Name: UPSC IAS Mains Public Administration (Paper-II)
  • Marks: 250
  • Year : 2024
  • Time Allowed: 3 Hours

खण्ड 'A' 

SECTION 'A' 

1. Answer the following in about 150 words each : 10×5=50 

1. (a) "Ethics in Public services has been the main concern of Kautilya's Arthashastra." Examine the statement. 
1. (b) "The Mughal Administration was by nature centralised." Analyse.
1.(c) “Autonomy to Public Undertakings is a myth.” Analyse.
1. (d) “It should be people's Prime Minister Office (PMO), it can't be Prime Minister's PMO." Comment. 
1.(e) "Implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST) has led to a Paradigm shift in the centre-state relations, both financially and politically.” Analyse. 

2. (a) The National Data and Analysis Platform (NDAP) of NITI Aayog facilitates a robust ecosystem to promote democratisation and inclusivity in development. Discuss. 
2.(b) Examine the impact on administration in view of changing relations between 20 political and permanent executive. 
2. (c) development and social justice. Analyse. 

3. (a) "The role of State Finance Commission in distribution of finances between state and local governments is vital.” Discuss. 
3. (b) “Centre-state relations are undergoing a drastic change.” Elaborate. 
3. (c) "There has been a strain in relations between Governor and State governments in the recent past.” Examine. 

4. (a) Public sector undertakings have been the bedrock of welfarism in India for many decades. Evaluate the pros and cons of current disinvestment scenario. 
4. (b) The collegium system of appointments to higher judiciary has been the cornerstone of independence of judiciary. It has remained as the subject of debates in the recent past. Discuss. 
4. (c) The concept of bureaucratic authoritarianism is one of the models of non-democratic rules. Explain. 

खण्ड 'B'

SECTION ‘B’ 

5.Answer the following in about 150 words each : 10×5=50 

5. (a) The constitutional stature provided to the Public Service Commissions accord them the autonomy to work towards fair recruitments. Comment. 
5.(b) "The neutrality of civil service has become a myth." Comment
5.(c) Examine the role of Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) in protecting the interests of consumers.
5. (d) "Parliamentary control over public expenditure is declining." Comment. 
5. (e) "The Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG) has enhanced the participation of private sector in Indian Economy." Comment. 

6. (a) "The success of administrative reforms in a country like India depends upon the political will." Comment. 
6. (b) The journey of transformation of local governance has been long. Examine the challenges to realise the spirit of gram swaraj. 
6.(c) With what aims and objectives was the Capacity Building Commission established? Evaluate how far it has come in realising the goals. 

7.(a) The separation of police investigation and prosecution has its own benefits and challenges. Analyse in context of recent developments. 
7.(b) Lack of financial resources and independence in managing local funding is hindering the economic and social development of urban areas. Discuss. 
7. (c) important role in countering terrorism. Comment. 

8. (a) Police-Public relations are poor in India. What measures are required to strengthen these relations? 
8. (b) public eye. Still it is one of the most important office under the constitution. Discuss. 
8. (c) Critically examine the problems of administration in coalition regimes. 
 

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