Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Mathematics (Code No. 20)

Mathematics Paper-I

1. Linear Algebra

Vector spaces, subspaces, bases and dimension of a finitely generated space. Quotient spaces, Rank and nullity of a linear transformation, Matrix of a linear transformation, Row and Column reduction, Echelon form, Equivalence. Congruence and Similarity, Reduction to canonical forms. Cayley-Hamilton theorem, Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors, Application of matrices and determinants to solutions of simultaneous linear equations upto four unknowns; determinants upto fourth order.

2. Abstract Algebra

Groups, Subgroups, Normal subgroups, Permutation groups, Quotient groups, Homomorphism groups, Isomorphism theorems, Cayley and Lagrange's theorems. Automorphisms. Rings, Integral domains. Fields, ideals, Principal ideal domains. Simple rings, Prime ideals and Prime fields. Maximal ideals in Commutative rings.

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Law (Code No. 19)

Law Paper-I

I CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF INDIA :

1. Nature of the Indian Constitution, the distinctive features of its federal character.
2. Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and their relationship with Fundamental Rights: Fundamental Duties.
3. Right to Equality.
4. Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression.
5. Right to Life and Personal Liberty.
6. Religious, Cultural and Educational Rights.
7. Constitutional position of the President and relationship with the Council of Ministers.
8. Governor and his powers.
9. Supreme Court and High Courts, their powers and jurisdiction.
10. Union Public Service Commission and State Public Service Commission: their powers and functions.
11. Principles of Natural Justice.
12. Distribution of Legislative powers between the Union and the States.
13. Delegated legislation: its constitutionality, judicial and legislative controls.
14. Administrative and Financial Relations between the Union and the States.
15. Trade Commerce and intercourse in India.
16. Emergency provisions.
17. Constitutional safeguards to Civil Servants.
18. Parliamentary privileges and immunities.
19. Amendment of the Constitution.

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): History (Code No. 18)

History Paper-I

(Indian History from earliest times to 1757 A.D.)

1. Influence of geographical factors in Indian history, cultural unity in diversity.
2. Indus Valley Civilization; salient features, extent chronology, town planning economic life, religion.
3. Vedic Culture, political, social and religious ideas.
4. Cultural significance of the Epics, Ramayana and Mahabharat; the Sangam Age.
5. Rise of the Janapadas and the growth of the Magadhan empire.
6. Buddhism and Jainism; evolution, main teachings and contributions.
7. Mauryan Empire; political history, administration, Ashoka's Dhamma, contribution to Indian culture.
8. The Imperial Guptas; Samudra Gupta, Chandra Gupta II and Skanda Gupta.
9. Cultural achievement of the Gupta age; religion, philosophy, literature, art, sciences and codification of laws.
10. India's cultural contacts with the outside world; West Asia, Central and South East Asia.

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Home Science (Code No. 17)

Home Science Paper-I

I. Human physiology and hygiene :
1. Cells and tissues, anatomy and functioning of skeletal, circulatory, nervous, respiratory, excretory, digestive and endocrine systems and sensory organs.
2. Causes, mode of transmission, signs & symptoms, care and preventive measure of common disease such as cholera, malaria, small pox, typhoid, tetanus and whooping cough.

II. Nutritional biochemistry :
1. Composition, classification, structure, properties and important reactions of carbohydrates, protein, lipids, nucleic acid, DNA, and RNA. Role of nucleic acids in protein synthesis.
2. Enzyme -- characteristics, classification, mechanism of action, factors affecting enzymes activity - temperature, pH, Substrate and enzyme concentration.

III. Food science and food preservation :
1. Protein foods - milk and milk products, pulses, nuts & oil seeds, egg, meat, poultry & fish, their composition and processing.
2. Vegetable and fruits - composition and processing.
3. Use of sugar and fats in food processing.
4. Food spoilage and Food toxicants.
5. Methods of preservation - use of low and high temperature, preservatives and irradiation.

IV. Basic nutrition :
1. Meaning and importance of nutrition. Functions, requirements, sources and effects of deficiency & excess of protein, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins and minerals, Water functions and balance.
2. Energy - Unit, methods of measurement, BMR, total energy requirement and factors affecting requirement.
3. Digestion and absorption of food. Metabolism - glycolysis, gluconeogensis, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, citric and cycle, deamination, transamination, decarboxylation, urea cycle, β-oxidation and ketogenisis.

V. Meal planning and normal nutrition :
1. Food groups, principles of meal planning and balance diet.
2. Nutrition during adulthood, pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, adolescence and elderly.
3. Food service management in institutions like hostel, hospital, cafeteria, canteen, industries etc.

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Geology (Code No. 16)

Geology Paper-I

I. Physical Geology and Geotectonics :

The solar system and its members. The planet earth in relation to solar system. Shape, size and origin of the earth. Internal Constitution of the earth and composition of curst, mantle and core. Age of the earth. Weathering. erosion and denudation. Geological work of river, glacier, wind, sea and ground water.
Earthquake. Their causes, effects and distribution, ceismic belts and their relation to volcanic activity. Earthquake waves and their significance in the study of interior of the earth.
Volcanoes : their types, products, distribution and causes of volcanism.
Morphology of continents and ocean basins and their distribution. Elementary ideas of sea-floor spreading and theory of plate tectonics. Classification and origin of mountains; shields, platforms, island arcs, deep, oceanic trenches, rift valleys, mid-oceanic ridges, geosynclines, diastrophic forces, palaeo-magnetism, isostasy and continental drift. Ice ages and past climates. Coral reefs and their origin.

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Geography (Code No. 15)

Geography Paper-I

Section-A : Physical Geography

(i) Geomorphology - Origin of the earth; interior of the earth; earth movement; theory of isostacy; continental drift and mountain-building:
Volcanism and earth quakes. Rocks; Weathering and erosion; normal cycle of erosion; Land forms fluvial. glacial, Aeolian, marine, karst and rejuvenated.

(ii) Climatology - The atmosphere-its structure and composition; in solation; heat budget of the earth; temperature; pressure and winds; jet streams; air masses and fronts; cyclones and related phenomena; climatic classification - Koeppen's and Thornthwaite's.

(iii) Soils and Vegetation - Soil genesis, Classification and distribution; Major biotic regions of the world.

(iv) Oceanography- Ocean bottom relief; Salinity; Ocean deposits; Ocean currents and tides; coral reefs; marine resources and their utilization.

(v) Environmental management- Constituents of natural and human environment; degradation and depletion of water, soil and forest resources land carrying capacity and sustainable development; nature and types of pollution; ecological imbalance; conservation of biodiversity.

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering (Code No. 14)

Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Paper-I

1. Physical Electronics, Electron Devices and ICs:

Electrons holes in semiconductors, Carrier Statistics, Mechanism of current flow in a Semiconductor, Hall effect; Junction theory; Different types of diodes and their characteristics; Bipolar junction transistor; Field effect transistors; Power switching devices like SCRs, GTOs, power MOSFETs; Basics of ICs-bipolar, MOS and CMOS types; basics of opto Electronics.]

2. Signals and Systems :

Classification F signals and system; System modeling in terms of differential and difference equations; state variable representation; Fourier series; Fourier transforms and their application to system analysis; Laplace transforms and their application to system analysis; Convolution and superposition integrals and their application; Z-transforms and their applications to the analysis and characterization of discrete time systems; Random signals and probability, Correlation functions; spectral density; response of linear system to random inputs.

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Electrical Engineering (Code No. 13)

Electrical Engineering Paper-I

(1) GENERATION - Different methods of conventional power generation (diesel, steam, hydro and nuclear), load curve; factors affecting the economics of power generation. Incremental rate cures. Condition for minimum input in isolated and interconnected power systems. Non-conventional methods of power generation like, magneto hydrodynamics, solar, wind, geothermal and Tindal energy conversion.

(2) TRANSMISSION - Transmission line parameters - resistance, inductance and capacitance calculations. Performance of short, medium and long lines. Line Insulators; their construction, testing. Corona and its effect. Neutral earthing methods. Underground cable Power circle diagrams. Basic ideas of power system stability, swing equation, equal-area criterion, Methods to improve stability limits.

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Economics (Code No. 12)

Economics Paper-I

1. Functions of an economic system. Problems of choice and allocation. Role of the Price System. Micro and Macro economic analyses.
2. Theory of consumer behaviour: Indifference Curve Approach. Consumer surplus. Elasticity : Definition, Measurement and kinds.
3. Theory of Production : Production Function and technological progress. Laws of Returns and Returns to scale. Cost curves. Isocost and Isoquants.
4. Price Theory : Pricing under perfect competition, Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition and oligopoly. Theory of Factor Pricing Factorial distributin of Income and Lorenz curve.
5. Theory of Money and Banking : Theories of the Demand for Money (upto Milton Firedman). High Powered Theory of Money Supply. Factors affecting Money Supply. Inflation : Cost Push and Demand, Pull control. Stagflation. Philips curve. Monetary Policy in the light of Chakravarty Committee Recommendations. Balance of Payments.
6. National Income : Concepts. Components and Measurements. National Income and Welfare. Models of determination of Income and Employment (Classical and Keynesian).
7. Theory of Public Finance : Theory of maximum social advantage. Taxation (Principles and Types) and effects. Incidence and shifting. Fiscal Policy (objectives and Instruments). Deficit financing.
8. Theory of Economic Planning : Indicators of development. Obstacles to development. Saving and investment, Human Resource Development. Planning. (Meaning, objectives, types and instruments). Impact of liberalization on an economy.

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Dairy Processing & Technology (Code No. 11)

Dairy Processing & Technology Paper-I

Principles and processes of food preservation. Food from non-conventional sources, Processing of Fluid milk. Special milks. Manufacture of various types of indigenous milk products and changes occurring during manufacture and storage. Processes & principles of the manufacture of ice-cream, high fat products, cheese, fermented milks, concentrated milk and dried milk products. Structure and properties of milk powder. Sensory evaluation and judging of milk and milk products. Various defects in milk and milk properties. Types of packaging material and their properties. Packaging forms and operations. Problems in food packaging. Legal requirements of packaging and labeling dairy products. Disposal of waste package material. Recent developments in packaging dairy and food products.

Production planning net work scheduling, manpower planning and job evaluation, Inventory Control. Dairy Plant maintenance, operational precautions and preventive maintenance. Effluent treatment. Consumer behavior, theory of demand, theory of production economics and price determination. Product planning and development, Market information and intelligence, Marketing channels; Market forecasting. Market regulations.

General mental ability section includes the topics like Average, Percentage, Profit loss, Time speed & distance, Time & work, Venn Diagram, Problem on ages, Clocks, Simple & Compound interest, Ratio proportion & Mixtures, Partnership, Mensuration, Permutation & Combination, Probability, Logarithm, Linear equations, Quadratic equations.

Level of Difficulty-I

1. A one rupee coin is placed on a table. The maximum number of one rupee coins which can be placed around it with each one of them touching it and two others is
(a) 8
(b) 6
(c) 10
(d) 4

Level of Difficulty-II

2. At a certain fast food restaurant, Brian can buy 3 burgers, 7 shakes, and one order of fries for Rs. 120 exactly. At the same place it would cost Rs. 164.5 for 4 burgers, 10 shakes, and one order of fries. How much would it cost for an ordinary meal of one burger, one shake, and one order of fries?
(a) Rs. 31
(b) Rs. 41
(c) Rs. 21
(d) Cannot be determined

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Computer Science (Code No. 10)

Computer Science Paper-I

1. System software and programming language: Components of system software: evolution of system software, Language translator: assembler, interpreter, compiler (one pass, multi pass, different phases of compilation), loader, linker, macro processor operating system. Programming language and formal system: Feature of HLL data types and data structure, Storage allocation, Scope and lifetime of variable, Functional modularity: Procedure, functions. Operating system: Operating system as resource manager, operating system services, Classification of operating system: single use, multi-user, simple monitor, batch processing, time sharing, real time, multitasking, Processor management: process, states level of schedules. Scheduling algorithms, deadlock, protection, prevention recovery, Memory management: partition, paging, segmentation, virtual memory and demand paging, Memory allocation: contiguous, linked, indexed, directory system, History of O/s., design principles, DOS, UNIX, Windows features, design, commands.
2. Problem solving through computers (Procedure oriented): algorithm, flowchart, developing HLL programs, structured and modular programming concepts, program development in C++ language.
3. Software engineering: Programming concepts, structured programming, stepwise refinement, paradigms of programming (including object orientation), Divide and conquer, Greedy algorithms, backtracking, recursion, dynamic programming, basic principles of program verification and testing, object oriented programming in C++.

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Computer Engineering (Code No. 09)

Computer Engineering Paper-I

I. Digital Electronics

Introduction to number System and their conversions. Arithmatic with bases other than ten. Boolean Algebra and Simplification of Boolean expressions. Standard form of boolean functions, Minterm Maxterm designation of functions, Combinational Circuits. Introduction to switching devices, positive and negative logic of OR, AND, NOR, NAND, Exclusive OR, and Exclusive NOR gates, IC digital logic families. Simplification of function by karrnaugh maps. Quine McCluskey tabular methods for simplification of Boolean function and determination of prime implicants. Selection of an optimal set of prime implicants, multiple output circuits and map minimization of multiple output circuits;. General characteristics of sequential circuits. Clock, puls and level mode sequential circuits. Analysis and design of a sequential circuit.

II. Programming Languages

Structured programming and object oriented programming. Abstraction, encapsulation, data hiding, Polymorphism, Scope rules, Parameter passing, run time environment, Static and dynamic storage management, garbage collection, exception handling, task and concurrency in programming language like C, C++. JAVA. Concepts of 4GL

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Crop Husbandry With Horticulture (Code No. 08)

Crop Husbandry With Horticulture Paper-I

Agro climatology - major agro climatic zones of India and Rajasthan, cropping pattern in different agro climatic zones, elements of crop production.

Study of following crops with reference to their importance, origin, distribution and production in Rajasthan and India; soil and climatic requirement, growth and development stages, improved varieties, seed and sowing, intercultural operations, fertilizer, water and weed management, plant protection measures. Harvesting and yield, post harvest technology.

Pearl, millet, maize, sorghum, paddy, minor millet, groundnut, soyabean, moth bean, pigeon pea, cotton and seasame.

Whet, barley, rapeseed and mustard, chickpea, sugar cane, potato and tobacco.

Study of following crops in brief (in the form of packages); Castor urd bean, cluster bean, cowpea, Niger, sunflower, sannhemp, greengram, lin seed, safflower, taramira, sugar beat, and lentil.
Importance of dry land farming, rainfed agriculture, cultural practices for rainfed agriculture, aberrant weather conditions and their impact, watershed management concept-principles and objectives. Salt affected soils and their management.

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Commerce & Accountancy (Code No. 07)

Commerce & Accountancy Paper-I

(Auditing and Accounting)

1. Auditing :
(i) Meaning and objects of auditing. Internal check and internal audit; programming and procedure of audit work; vouching; verification and valuation of assets and liabilities.
(ii) Appointment, removal, remuneration, rights, duties and liabilities of company auditors; Broad outlines of company audit with reference to share capital transactions and Statutory Report : Audit of Government companies under Section 619 of the Companies Act; Cost Audit under Section 233 (B) of the Companies Act.

2. Financial Accounting :
(i) Accounting- a financial information system; Partnership Accounts: admission, retirement and dissolution.
(ii) Company Accounts : Issue, forfeiture and redemption of shares and debentures. Underwriting; purchase of Business; Disposal of profits, capitalisation of profits, Valuation of goodwill and valuation of shares.
(iii)Accounting for amalgamation, absorption, reconstruction and liquidation of companies; Accounts of holding companies (one subsidiary only).

3. Cost Accounting :
(i) Methods of costing : Unit costing, contract costing, process costing and operating costing.
(ii) Budgetary control and standard costing; Variance Analysis : Labour and Material Variances.
(iii)Marginal costing and Decision Making.

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Civil Engineering (Code No. 06)

Civil Engineering Paper-I

(Each portion to have roughly equal weightage)

(A) Applied Mechanics

Strength of Materials : Behavior of engineering materials in tension, compression and shear, elastic limit, Yield point, proof Stress, Nominal Stress and Ultimate strength, factor of safety, load factor, and elastic constants. Principal stresses and strains, strain energy. Theories of elastic failure, Analysis of structures.
Fluid Mechanics : Fluid properties, types of flow, fluid statics, forces on fully and partially submerged bodies, stability of floating bodies, Fluid kinematics, acceleration of fluid particle. Velocity potential and stream functions, irrotational flows, ideal fluid flow, Bernoulli equation, application, flow measuring devices. Momentum and angular momentum principles are applied to fluid in a control volume, applications to jets. Introduction of viscous flow, concept of drug, flow though pipes, dimensional analysis and similitude techniques.

(B) Soil & Foundation Engineering

Soil exploration : Methods of site exploration, boring, sampling, standard penetration test.

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Chemistry (Code No. 05)

Chemistry Paper-I

1. Structure of an atom; Bohr model, Somerfield extension, Quantum numbers, Atomic spectra. Uncertainty principle, debroglie equation.
2. Electronic configuration and long form of Periodic table; Types of elements, Atomic and ionic radii, Ionisation potential, Elector affinity and Electronegativity, periodicity in their properties.
3. Hybridisation, Shapes of simple molecules (involving s, p and d orbitals) Molecular orbital theory for simple homonuclear diatomic (O2, F2, N2, B2 & C2) & hetronuclear (HF, CO) molecules.
4. Ionic bond, Lattice energy Born-haber cycle, Solubility of ionic compounds, Crystal structure (AB and AB2 type), Covalent bond, Fajan's rule, Metallic bond.
5. Zero group elements, position in periodic table isolation, compounds of Xenon.
6. p-Block elements: Electron deficient compounds(Diborane) Elementary idea of carbonyls, Interhalogen compounds, Chemical fertilizers, Oxyacids of sulphur & Phosphorous.
7. Transition elements, Electronic configuration, General characteristics viz. colour, Oxidation state, tendency to form complexes magnetic properties.
8. f-Block elements. Lanthanides & Actinides, Electronic configuration, Lanthanide contraction & its consequences, Super heavy elements.
9. Chemical industries in Rajasthan : Cement, Super phosphate, Zinc & Copper based industries in Rajasthan.
10. Nuclear Chemistry : Radioactive rays. Half life period, Mean life statistical aspects of nuclear disintegration, parent daughter decay growth relationship, Radioactive equilibrium, α, β and γ decay, Nuclides, Isotopes Isobars, Isotones, Isomers. Nuclear masses & Binding energy. Nuclear stability. Types of Radiation, Radiation detection & measurement, Nuclear reactions, Production of Radio isotopes.
11. Nomenclature IUPAC names of organic compounds. Isomerism Position, Functional, Optical and geometrical isomerism. E-Z system of nomenclature, chirality, enatiomers and distereo isomers, D.L. and R.S. system of Nomenclature.

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Botany (Code No.04)

Botany Paper-I

(Plant Morphology, Taxonomy and Economy Botany)

1. Pattern of variation in morphology and life history, broad outline of classification and evolutionary trends in Algae with reference to Oscillatoria, Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chara, Vaucharia, Ectocarpus and Ploysiphonia, Economic importance of algae.
2. General characters, board outline of classification, mode of reproduction and economic importance of fungi with reference to the life histories of Selerospora, Morchella, Penicillium, Puccinia, Ustilago, Agaricus and Alternaria.
3. General account of structure, reproduction and economic importance of viruses, Mycoplasma and Bacteria. Introductory knowledge of symptoms, causal agent, etiology and control measures of following plant diseases. White rust of crucifers, Green ear disease of Bajra, Loose smut of wheat, Black stem rust of wheat, Citrus canker, Tobacco mosaic and Little leaf of Brinjal.
4. General characters, distribution, alternation of generations, evolutionary trends in Bryophyta with reference to the life cycles of Riccia, Marchantia, Porella Anthoceros, Sphagnum and Funaria.
5. Salient features of morphology and reproduction of pteridophytes with reference to Psilotum, Selaginella, Equisctum and Marsilea. Origin and evolution of stellar system and heterospory in pteridophytes.
6. General character, classification, distribution, morphology, reproduction and economic importance of gymnosperms with reference to the life histories of Cycas, Pinus and Ephedra.

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science (Code No. 03)

Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Paper-I

Unit Subject matter

1. Animal Breeding & Genetics :

Frequency of genes and genotype; Hardy-weinbug law and equilibrium frequencies, Forces changing gene frequencies- mutation, migration and selection. Variation, their causes, Partitioning of phenotypic variance, Estimation of additive, non-additive and environmental variance in animal populations, Genetic nature of differences between species and breeds of livestock. Resemblance between relatives. Heritability, repeatability, genetic and environmental correlations.

Concept and measurement of relationship. Mating systems; Inbreeding and out breeding; their uses, consequences and limitations. Bases and methods of selection; their effective and limitations. Selection indices, sire indices,. Interspecific hybridization. Estimation and utilization of general and specific combining ability. Diallel crossing. Recurrent selection and reciprocal recurrent selection. Breeding efficiency and factors affecting.

2. Animal Nutrition:

Digestive system of ruminants and non ruminants. Major and minor nutrients, their functions, symptoms of deficiency and sources. Digestion, absorption and metabolism of carbohydrates., fats and proteins. Digestibility coefficients and feed evaluation. Basal feeds, energy and protein supplements, agro-industrial by products and non conventional feeds. Top feeds. Feed additives. Methods of improving low quality roughages. Conservation of green fodders. Antinutritive factors in feeds and fodders. Feeding standards for farm animals. Computation of balance ration and feeding of various categories of livestock. Feeding of livestock during drought and scarcity periods. Supply of green fodder throughout the year. Pasture and its management. Grazing methods.

Rajasthan Public Service Commission

RAS Syllabus (Main): Agriculture Engineering (Code No. 02)

Agriculture Engineering Paper-I

Soil and Water Conservation :- Forms of precipitation, Hydrologic cycle, Point rainfall analysis, frequency analysis. Water shed-definition and concept, agricultural Watersheds, prediction of peak runoff, factors affecting runoff, Hydrograph, Concepts of unit and instantaneous hydrographs. Erosion-type, affecting factors, damages associated with erosion, assessment of actual annual soil loss by erosion and its impact on agricultural production and productivity. Erosion control measures on various classes of lands i.e. contour cultivation, Strip cropping, terracing, afforestation, pastures etc. A critical analysis of the role of vegetation in soil and water conservation, grassed water way and its design. Design of gully control measures including permanent structures i.e. chute spillway, Drop spillway, drop inlet spillway, retards and Stream Bank erosion, flood routing, flood amelioration through soil and water management in upstream zone, mechanics of wind and water erosion, wind erosion control, water harvesting structures i.e. Khadin, Tanka, Nada and Anicut.

Irrigation-Soil-Water- lant relationship, permeability, Infiltration, Percolation, water requirements of crops and irrigation scheduling, direct and indirect methods of soil moisture measurements, Measurements of irrigation water-Orifice, Weirs, Notches, Parshall flumes, H-flumes etc. Water conveyance and control, design of field channels and Canals, Lacey and Kennedy theories, Most economical channel cross section. Selection of underground pipe line structures and their design, irrigation methods, their hydraulics and design viz-Border, Furrow, Flood, Drip and sprinklers methods, concepts in irrigation efficiencies.

Drainage :- Benefits of drainage, Hydraulic conductivity, Drainable porosity, Drainage Coefficient. Surface drainage, Drainage o flat and slopping lands. Design of open ditches, their alignment and construction. Design and layout of sub surface drains, depth and spacing of drains and drainage outlets, installation of drains and drainage wells, drainage wells, drainage of salt affected areas.