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Important Topics For Public Administration IAS Mains Exam 2019

Important Topics For Public Administration IAS Mains Exam 2019

Public Administration is a popular optional in Civil Services because if you opt for Public Administration then you will get definitely cutting edge in General Studies Mains and Essay Paper.

The best way is to cover first of all your 100% syllabus then from Mains examination perspective you have to focus some of the important topics. Here we are giving you some of the important topics from the perspective of Mains Examination 2019.

  1. Death of New Public Management
  2. Citizen Charter
  3. Wilson, Weber, Riggs, Barnard, Follet , Simon,Fox and Miller (Thinkers)
  4. Evolution and Present Status of the Discipline
  5. Post Weberian Debate
  6. Post Modern Public Administration
  7. Decision Making Theory
  8. Regulatory Authorities
  9. Right to Information
  10. Women and Development
  11. Article 370 and 35A
  12. Politics and Administration Dichotomy
  13. Ministry of Finance
  14. Ministry of Home Affairs
  15. Role of Bureaucracy in Democracy and Development
  16. Motivation and Morale, Herzber and Maslow theories of Motivation
  17. Participative Management
  18. PPP Model
  19. Social Audit
  20. Departments, Corporations, Companies
  21. Failure of Civil Society
  22. Values and Corruption
  23. Administrative Law Chapter
  24. Corporate social responsibility in the PSUs
  25. Administrative Ethics
  26. Performance Appraisal
  27. Digital Era Governance
  28. Monetary and Fiscal policies
  29. Audit and Accounts
  30. Civil Services : Discipline and Code of Conduct
  31. Role of Comptroller and Auditor General of India
  32. Rural Development Programs
  33. Municipal Governance: Finance and Problem Areas
  34. Reforms in Police
  35. Public Accounts Committee/ Estimates Committee
  36. Anti-development Thesis
  37. Strong State versus Market Debate
  38. MIS, PERT & CPM
  39. Evolution of Indian Administration Chapter
  40. Problems of autonomy, accountability and control
  41. Cabinet Secretariat/Central Secretariat
  42. Prime Minister's Office
  43. Good governance in Arthashastra
  44. 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment
  45. Union-State administrative, legislative and financial relations- Implication of GST
  46. Chief Secretary/Cabinet Secretary
  47. Changing role of District Magistrate in Development and Law and order
  48. Role of President / Governor
  49. Police-public relations
  50. Disaster management

NOTE :

  1. The first two chapters hold almost 35% of the marks for paper I .
  2. Evolution of Indian Administration, Centre/state/district administration and significant issues in Indian administration- prepare all these chapter of Paper II thoroughly .
  3. Read book ‘Administrative Thinkers by Prasad and Prasad’ maximum number of times.
  4. If you have another available option then you can avoid question from the chapter - Public Policy .
  5. Always try to frame your answer from the key words of your question. ‘Thinking’ and ‘linking’ the whole syllabus/topics along with a proper sequence in any answer.
  6. Practice a lots of tests from anywhere you get.
  7. Identify the weak areas and focus accordingly.
  8. Make a note of the mistakes that you make in the tests or interactive session and try to rectify them.
  9. The examiner only expects you to write a simple logical answer with clarity.
  10. Do not give long introduction this may lead to loss of focus and attraction of the examiner. The first sentence should have direct bearing of the question or statement. This is the sentence which contains context and key words both with statement-giver.
  11. Before suggesting any cure take administrative feasibility test of your suggestion.
  12. Write answers like brilliant graduate and not like a confused philosopher.
  13. Use more quotes from thinkers to ‘certify’ your stand in the answer.
  14. Don’t write General Studies answers for Public Administration Paper 2. Write Answer like a Public Administration student.

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Uttar Pradesh State GK Questions (Set-8) for UPPSC Exam

Uttar Pradesh State GK Questions (Set-8) for UPPSC Exam

1. What is the percentage of forest in Uttar Pradesh?

(a) 13.13%
(b) 15.13%
(c) 16.13%
(d) 5.95%

2. In which is dolomite mineral used digging from Kajrahat at Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh?

(a) To separate Bauxite from Copper
(b) To make Aluminium from Bauxite
(c) To mix in iron steel and to compensate heat.
(d) To make cement by mixing sand

3. What is the density of population in Uttar Pradesh according to 2011?

(a) 218
(b) 828
(c) 422
(d) 526

4. What is the percentage of rural population in Uttar Pradeesh as per 2011 census?

(a) 86.55%
(b) 74.25%
(c) 79.20%
(d) 77.72%

5. In which of the following year was NOIDA set up?

(a) 1970
(b) 1980
(c) 1972
(d) 1976
 

उत्तर प्रदेश PSC (Preliminary) Exam (GS Paper-1) स्टडी किट

Uttar Pradesh State GK Questions (Set-7) for UPPSC Exam

Uttar Pradesh State GK Questions (Set-7) for UPPSC Exam

1. For which of the following is 'Kushinagar' famous in the state?

(a) Birth place of Buddha
(b) Mahaparinirvan of Buddha
(c) Enlightenment of Buddha
(d) None of these

2. At which of the following in the State has Nuclear Power House been constructed?

(a) Mirzapur
(b) Narora
(c) Kanpur
(d) Raebareilly

3. How many physical division can Uttar pradesh be divided?

(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) 5

4. Which one of the following is not situated along the river Ganga?

(a) Jahangirabad
(b) Garhmukteshwar
(c) Fatehgarh
(d) Etawah

5. Uttar Pradesh can be divided into how many climate region on the basis of distribution of rainfall?

(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five

उत्तर प्रदेश PSC (Preliminary) Exam (GS Paper-1) स्टडी किट

(Download) UPSC IAS Mains Exam 2018 - Bodo Literature


(Download) CS (MAIN) EXAM:2018 Bodo Literature


Exam Name: CS (MAIN) EXAM:2018 Bodo Literature
Marks: 250
Time Allowed : Three Hours

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BIHAR State GK Questions (Set-11) for BPSC Exam

BIHAR State GK Questions (Set-11) for BPSC Exam

Q.1 : इख्तयारुद्दीन बिन बख्तियार खिलजी ने बिहार पर एक सफल आक्रमण कब किया था ?

(a) 1290 ई. में
(b) 1192 ई. में
(c) 1256 ई. में
(d) 1203 ई. में

Q.2 : बिहार के किस स्थान पर भगवान बुद्ध के ज्ञान प्राप्त हुआ था ?

(a) चिरांद
(b) लिच्छावि
(c) राजग्रह
(d) बोधगया

Q.3 : उत्तर नवपाषाण काल से सम्बन्धित सामग्री बिहार के किस स्थान से मिली है ?

(a) वैशाली
(b) चिरांद (सारण)
(c) बक्सर
(d) सोनपुर

Q.4 : बिहार में किसको "बिहार शरीफ" कहते है ?

(a) वैशाली को
(b) पाटलिपुत्र को
(c) उदंतपुरी को
(d) बोधगया को

Q.5 : बिहार में भारतीय संस्कृति और सभ्यता के विकास के प्रमुख स्तम्भ कहे जाते थे ?

(a) अंग व वैशाली
(b) मगध
(c) मिथिला
(d) उपरोक्त सभी

बिहार लोक सेवा आयोग प्रारम्भिक परीक्षा के लिए अध्ययन सामग्री

Study Kit for Bihar Public Service Commission Preliminary Examination

(Download) UPSC IAS Mains Exam 2018 - Statistics


(Download) CS (MAIN) EXAM:2018 Statistics


Exam Name: CS (MAIN) EXAM:2018 Statistics
Marks: 250
Time Allowed : Three Hours

(Download) संघ लोक सेवा आयोग सिविल सेवा - मुख्य परीक्षा हिन्दी ( साहित्य ) (प्रश्न-पत्र-2)

UPSC CIVIL SEVA AYOG

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हिन्दी ( साहित्य ) (प्रश्न-पत्र-2)

CS (MAIN) EXAM:2018
हिन्दी ( साहित्य ) (प्रश्न-पत्र-II)
Marks: 250
निर्धारित समय : तीन घण्टे

खण्ड 'A'

1. निम्नलिखित काव्यांशों की लगभग 150 शब्दों में ऐसी व्याख्या कीजिए कि इसमें निहित काव्य-मर्म भी उद्घाटित हो सके । 10x5=50 marks

a. प्रकृति जोई जाके अंग परी । स्वान-पूँछ कोटिक जो लागै सुधि न काहू करी । जैसे काग भच्छ नहिं छोड़े जनमत जौन घरी । धोये रंग जात कहु कैसे ज्यों कारी कमरी । ज्यों अहि डसत उदर नहिं पूरत ऐसी धरनि धरी । सूर होउ सो होउ सोच नहि, तैसे हैं एउ री ।। 10 marks
b. सुन रावन ब्रह्मांड निकाया । पाई जासु बल बिरचति माया । जाके बल चिरचि हरि ईसा । पालत सृजत हात दससीसा । जा बल सीस धरत सहसासन | अंडकोस समेत गिरि कानन । धरइ जो बिबिध देह सुरत्राता । तुम्ह से सठन सिंखावनु दाता । हर कोड कठिन जेहिं भेजा । तेहि समेत नृप दल मद् गंजा ।। 10 marks
c. पावक सो नयननु लगै जाबकु लाग्यो भाल । मुकुरु होहगे नैक मैं, मुकुरु बिलोको लाल ।।। तखिन-कनङ कपोल-दुति बिच ही बीच बिकान । लाल लाल चमकति चुन चौका-चीन्ह-समान ।। 10 marks
d. उषा की पहिली लेखा कांत,माधुरी से भीगी भर मोद मदभरी जैसे उठे सलज्ज़ भोर की तारक-द्युति की गोद । 10 marks
e. अवतरित हुआ संगीत स्वयंभू जिसमें सोता है अखण्ड ब्रह्मा का मौन अशेष प्रमामय । 10 marks

Q2.(a) नीरस निर्गुण मत में कबीर ने 'ढाई आखर' जोड़ने की पहल किससे प्रेरित हो कर की और क्यों ? अपने कथन की पुष्टि कीजिए । 20 marks
(b) जायसी की सौन्दर्य-संचेतना में उनकी ऊहा शक्ति साधक रही है या वाधक ? सोदाहरण समझाइए । 15 marks
(c) “निराला कृत 'कुकुरमुत्ता' में व्यंग्य-विद्रूप के साथ भारतीय अस्मिता का जयघोष है''- युक्तियुक्त उत्तर दीजिए। 15 marks

Q3.(a) "कुरुक्षेत्र में युग प्रबुद्ध उद्विग्न मानस का जो द्वन्द्व चित्रित हुआ है, उससे उसकी प्रबन्धात्मकता भी प्रभावित हुई हैं।'' पक्षापक्ष विमर्श कीजिए । 20 marks
(b) "मुक्तिबोध रचित 'ब्रह्मराक्षस' की उपलब्धि है भयानक अंगीरस, तिलिस्मी 'वस्तु' और आवेगकल्पना-संवेदना का संगम ।" इस कथन की समीक्षा कीजिए। 15 marks
(c) 'असाध्य वीणा' के किरीटी तरु में जो ध्वनियाँ समाहित हुईं और वीणा वादन के बीच जो ध्वनियाँ अंकृत हुई उनके साम्य वैषम्य पर विचार प्रस्तुत कीजिए। 15 marks

4.(a)'सुन्दर' शब्द पर विचार करते हुए सुन्दरकांड' के वस्तु-शिल्प-सौन्दर्य की विवेचना कीजिए । 20 marks
(b)हिन्दी भ्रमरगीत-परंपरा में सूरदास कृत अमरगीत का वैशिष्ट्य निरूपित कीजिए । 15 marks
(c)'कामायनी' को 'चेतना का सुन्दर इतिहास' और 'अखिल मानव-भावों का सत्य'- शोधक काव्य क्यों कहा गया है? अपने विचार प्रस्तुत कीजिए । 15 marks

सिविल सेवा मुख्य परीक्षा अध्ययन सामग्री

UPSC GS PRE Cum MAINS (HINDI Combo) Study Kit

(Free E-book) Weekly Current Affairs Update for IAS Exam VOL-225


Weekly Current Affairs Update for IAS Exams Free Sample

VOL. - 225 (26 March 2018 to 01 April 2018)


Covered Topics:

  • National

  • International

  • Business And Economy

  • Science and Technology

  • Important Article From Various Newspapers

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BIHAR State GK Questions (Set-10) for BPSC Exam

BIHAR State GK Questions (Set-10) for BPSC Exam

Q.1 : जरासंध के पिता का क्या नाम था ?

(a) अशोक
(b) बृहद्रथ
(c) अजातशत्रु
(d) चन्द्रगुप्त

Q.2 : किस शासक ने मगध राज्य को एक साम्राज्य का गौरव प्रदान किया ?

(a) बिम्बिसार ने
(b) अशोक ने
(c) चन्द्रगुप्त ने
(d) अजातशत्रु ने

Q.3 : बिहार में किन स्थानों से काले चमकीले मृदभांड प्राप्त हुए थे ?

(a) पटना से
(b) बोधगया से
(c) बक्सर व चिरांद से
(d) भागलपुर व दरभंगा से

Q.4 : बिहार में कहा से काले व लाल मृदभाड प्राप्त हुए है ?

(a) चिरांद व अन्तीचक
(b) राजगीर
(c) सोनपुर
(d) उपरोक्त सभी

Q.5 : बिहार में तुर्क शासन का युग शुरु कब हुआ था ?

(a) 1103 ई. में
(b) 1345 ई. में
(c) 1203 ई. में
(d) 1432 ई. में

बिहार लोक सेवा आयोग प्रारम्भिक परीक्षा के लिए अध्ययन सामग्री

Study Kit for Bihar Public Service Commission Preliminary Examination

(The Gist of Kurukshetra) SWACHH BHARAT MISSION (GRAMIN): TRANSLATING MISSION INTO MILESTONE  [JULY-2019]


(The Gist of Kurukshetra) SWACHH BHARAT MISSION (GRAMIN): TRANSLATING MISSION INTO MILESTONE

 [JULY-2019]


SWACHH BHARAT MISSION (GRAMIN): TRANSLATING MISSION INTO MILESTONE

Introduction

  • Swachh bharat mission was launched on October 2, 2014 on the occasion of Gandhi Jayanti to achieve "Clean the India" by 2019. This mission was premeditated to accomplish the mark 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of Nation. Swachh Bharat Mission has got a Nation-wide acceptance and has mobilized masses and public-private sector corporations alike. The Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin has become a peoples' movement, through which our Prime Minister has evoked a sense of responsibility among the people towards Clean India.
  • Unveiling of Swachh Bharat Mission is laudable not just for sanitation development, but also for bringing about the behaviour and mindset of change in millions of Indians. The mission is a community-led movement focused on building toilets and educating people about the importance of sanitation and cleanliness.

  • Mahatma Gandhi had rightly quoted, “Uncleanliness of the mind is more dangerous than that of the body. The latter, however, is an indication of the former” and this campaign aims at making every single Indian aware of the importance of hygiene at physical and mental levels.

Funding SBM-G

  • The government proposes to spend 1.34 lakh crores to construct 11.11 crores toilets in the rural areas by October 2019. The funding for SBM-G is provided by Central and State government and from Swachh Bharat Kosh while some funding comes through multilateral agencies. The Swachh Bharat Kosh has been established to collect and mobilise funds from non-governmental agencies and corporate sectors.

Social and Economic Impact of SBM-G

  • Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin will improve the quality of life of people of rural areas by promoting a clean and hygienic environment. A country can progress only if the citizens of the nation are healthy and sanitation plays a key role in it. Healthy citizens significantly contribute in the socio-economic development of a nation.
  • According to a study conducted in 2017 by UNICEF on the request of Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, average households in ODF villages, accrued of Rs. 50,000 per year there was a property increase of Rs. 19,000.
  • Summing up all of it, the total benefit bagged by households exceeded the cost by 4.7 times. This survey was conducted on a sample of 18,376 respondents representing of 10,068 rural households, randomly selected from 550 Gram Panchayats across 12 states.
  • It is hard to measure the intangible benefits of SBM-G campaign but the impact on the dignity of both nation and individual is remarkable. The quality of life and social status of rural citizens has been elevated.
  • SBM-G is one of the largest behavioural change programme initiated by a government in the world covering 18 per cent of the world population. It strengthens the safety of women, girls and children and increases their workforce participation because of better health and hygiene.
  • Due to decline in open defecation, the overall health situation improved resulting in great substantial reduction in the medical expenses and a drop in mortality. Attainment of 100 per cent toilet coverage would prevent 3 lakh deaths due to various waterborne diseases (World Health Organisation).
  • With a focused strategy involving various stakeholders in achieving the mission, powered by strong political will and political leadership driven by dedicated officials, the biggest achievement of the mission has become 'making sanitation everyone's business'.

Sustainable Concerns and Future Strategy

  • The issues of sanitation need to be dealt through a sustainable process i.e., without depletion over period of time and in order to ensure this sustainability, we need to march an extra mile.
  • Just building a toilet is not enough, it also needs to be maintained. People will not prefer to use uncleaned and unhygienic toilets. Thus, proper hygiene and use of toilets is to be done in a sustainable manner. There should be water availability and proper knowledge about waste disposal in order to maintain the toilets.
  • During the past five years, almost all the 1 have achieved 100 per cent sanitation; sanitation campaigns need to be organized in order to educate the people the hygienic of toilet and economic use of water.
  • The biggest challenge that lies ahead is not 100 per cent toilets for individual households but the issue of hygiene in lieu of maintenance, water supply and cleanliness. Also many people do not maintain the hygiene of their toilets by properly flushing, cleaning toilets or using sanitary cleaning material such as phenyl etc.
  • People look forward for good quality latrine suiting to their requirement and to set up for such needs, financial support from various financial institutions are required. So, to promote defecation free environment, government should make the provision for interest-free loan to these beneficiaries.
  • It is a movement which demands behavioural change and persistent efforts are needed to bring such a social change. Recognizing efforts through appreciations and awards to various social workers, villages, Gram Panchayats, blocks and districts could build commitment towards long-term involvement towards promoting sanitation awareness.
  • With taboos and beliefs operating, educating the public is another crucial activity to be undertaken. For instance, many people with access to toilet facilities at their houses still defecate in the open owing to pre-conceived beliefs.
  • Communicating for change in behavior of pubic is a key to education and behavioural changes. Substantial initiatives including partnering with various implementing agencies and voluntary organizations for better sanitation drive should be given impetus, both philosophically and monetarily.
  • Above all, maintaining a momentum is a prime responsibility for achieving a task as such. Therefore, emphasizing the role of rural youth and social workers and motivating them is pivotal in continuing the urge for rural sanitation awareness.

Conclusion

  • A better and healthier tomorrow is not only the government's responsibility but a collective duty to be equally shared between the citizens and government. Government has been taking significant steps to improvise the environment of the nation, however, even the citizens need to buckle up their shoes and contribute in making the dream of "Clean India" a success. Swachh Bharat would therefore make a significant impact on public health and in safeguarding income of the poor, ultimately contributing to the national economy.
  • The outcome and achievement of sanitation initiatives should not be assessed only in terms of number of toilets constructed but should ensure that there is proper and regular use of it and thus, leading to cleanliness and hygiene in the mind. The primary necessity is for strong behavioural changes and strong motivation in making the mission not only a success but also self-sustainable. The intent, endeavour and achievement of the government on sanitation is truly a milestone.

Study Material for UPSC General Studies Pre Cum Mains

(The Gist of Kurukshetra) INTEGRATED and SUSTAINABLE SLRM IN UDUPI  [JULY-2019]


(The Gist of Kurukshetra) INTEGRATED and SUSTAINABLE SLRM IN UDUPI

 [JULY-2019]


INTEGRATED and SUSTAINABLE SLRM IN UDUPI

Introduction

  • About 50 Gram have Panchayats in Udupi district of Karnataka have a solid and Liquid Resource Management (SLRM) Centre, each equipped with a specially designed tricycle/vehicle that the local Self Help Group (SHG) use for collection of household waste. The system works like clockwork, contributing to making the villages look clean and beautiful.

About SLRM

  • SLRM is a method by which garbage is converted into a source of income, while creating many employment opportunities. Waste collected from the households is brought to the centre for processing in a scientific manner. The project is a part of the swachh Bharat Mission Grameen (SBM-G) ODF (open defecation free) plus activities.
  • Survey: Initially, a baseline survey was carried out to understand sanitation practices, methods of waste disposal followed at households and health effects encountered owing to unscientific methods. Thereafter, a draft "Solid Waste (Resources) Management" by law was prepared at the district level and sent to GPs for effective implementation of waste management, complete with user-fee collection system and plastic ban initiatives.
  • Awareness building: At the outset, communities were provided awareness about the need to segregate waste and how to go about doing so. Thereafter SLRM training programme was first organised in July 2017.
  • Responsibility of households: Each household has been given two dustbins, i.e., green and red to segregate waste as wet and dry, which is collected daily. For scattered households a "bora" bag has been provided to store only dry waste which will be collected once a week. Instructions have been given to wrap sanitary napkins and medical waste in newspaper separately and marking it in red and blue colours respectively for identification and safe disposal.
  • Process: Today, waste is collected twice a day once every 12 hours so that organic waste would remain fresh, clean and easy to handle. Instead of trucks, tricycles, goods carrying vehicles or E-rickshaws are used to collect the waste. In this project, manpower is a major resource as only humans can differentiate the categories of wastes clearly, Sudheer said.
  • Management of Organic Waste: Organic waste is further segregated and fresh vegetables and fruits are taken out, washed and fed to cattle twice a day. A cow shed would eventually be set up close to the SLRM Centre, or vegetables would be sent to nearby cow shelters. The remaining organic waste is mixed with cow dung slurry to make compost, while egg shells which are rich in calcium are dried, powdered and used for gardening or sold for the same purpose, Waste flowers that are collected from the flower shops and marriage halls are sold to Rangoli powder manufacturers.
  • Grey Water: Grey water generated in centres is used for growing Canna plants which white absorb waste water play a vital role in liquid waste management Growing of those flowering plants encouraged at households, panchayats, urban local bodies, etc.
  • Management of Inorganic Waste: Inorganic sterns from the red bucket are segregated 17categories in SLRM centres such as: pet bottles, plastic items, plastic covers, paper, card board, metal, glasses, e-wastes etc. and sold to authorized recyclers at value added price. Even non-recyclable items are stored separately and sent to cement factories for safe disposal.
  • Quantity of waste generated: Based on data from 50 SLRM centres of Udupi district, on an average 10 tons of waste per day/300 tons of waste per month is processed scientifically.
  • Villages covered: Upto January 2018, out of a total 158 GPs in Udupi, 50 Gram Panchayats have initiated SLRM centres, of which 23 centres are collecting both wet and dry waste daily and 27 centres are collecting dry waste once a week.
  • Infrastructure: Gram Panchayats that have commenced the SLRM project have built a new shed for the purpose. The other GPs have put to use old abandoned and unused buildings after renovation. Each centre comprises of a washing unit to clean segregated waste; one tricycle or one motor vehicle; a compost pit, safety equipment and tools for segregation.
  • Employment generated: Currently, around 200 people are employed under SLRM project in Udupi. Having found that women are more patient, reliable and better suited to communicate with women who normally are in charge of waste disposal, the district administration have appointed women SHGs to take care of SLRM. Their involvement helps supplement their family's income. Money earned from selling recyclable items and user fee collection is used to run the SLRM Centres.
  • Outcome: Since the commencement of the SLRM project, villages appear cleaner as people have stopped dumping waste on the roadside. Over 90% of households and commercial organizations properly segregate waste into organic and inorganic items. Further, the practice of throwing waste in public places and unscientific ways of burning waste, or throwing meat waste into rivers surrounding the village has been minimised.
  • Income is being generated out of waste items which hitherto people would throw out. In addition, roadside dustbins have been removed so that sanitation is maintained. Earlier, people were not willing to work in waste management, owing to unscientific methods of handling waste and because of bad odour and nature of work. Today, however, SHG members, youth and others are keen to join SLRM projects which have created new employment opportunities, enabling them to earn their own income. The success of project commissioned in the district has changed the views of the public towards waste management programmes.
  • Across the district, Green protocol by which use of single use plastic and disposables is minimised is encouraged at all public meetings, ceremonies, schools, anganwadis, government offices, etc.

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(GIST OF YOJANA) Towards a National Digital Health Ecosystem [JULY-2019]


(GIST OF YOJANA) Towards a National Digital Health Ecosystem

[JULY-2019]


Towards a National Digital Health Ecosystem

Introduction

  •  Healthcare has always been central to all development efforts be it at the state national or global level.
  •  The National Health Policy 2017 approved by the Government of India (Gol) had defined the vision of ‘health and well-being for all at all ages’. Continuum of Care is a concept strongly advocated by the Policy.
  •  These lofty ideals are sought to be achieved by refactoring the existing schemes and introducing several new schemes including some digital initiatives.
  •  Citizen-centricity, quality of care, better access, universal health coverage, and inclusiveness are some of the key principles on which the Policy is founded.
  •  The realization of all these aspirations can be facilitated by leveraging the power of the digital technologies.
  •  In the context of India, with its size and diversity, this mammoth task requires that a holistic, comprehensive and interoperable digital architecture is crafted and is adopted by all the stakeholders.
  •  In the absence of such an architecture, the use of technology in the health sector continues to grow in an uneven manner and in silos.

Ecosystem, not System

  •  In the above context, a Committee constituted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Gol in November 2018, to take forward the concept of National Health Stack designed under the aegis of Niti Aayog, recognized the need for creating a framework for the evolution of a

National Digital Health Ecosystem (NDHE) - an Ecosystem and NOT a System!

  •  The result is the National Digital Health Blueprint (NDHB), which is more than an architectural document, as it provides specific guidance on its implementation as well. This report describes the salient features of NDHB. The report on NDHB submitted by the Committee is under the consideration of the Ministry. It will go through the process of a series of consultations with the States, the Industry and other stakeholder groups, before its formal adoption.
  •  The Blueprint keeps the overall vision of NHP 2017 in perspective and recommends a pragmatic agendato start with, adopting the principle of ‘Think Big, Start Small, Scale Fast.’

Objectives

  •  The Objectives of NDHB are aligned to the Vision of NHP 2017 and the SDGV relating to the health sector.These include:
  •  Establishing and managing the core digital health data and the infrastructure required for its seamless exchange;
  •  Promoting the adoption of open standards by all the actors in the National Digital Health Ecosystem,
  •  for developing several digital health systems that span across the sector from wellness to disease management;
  •  Creating a system of Personal Health Records, based on international standards, and easily accessible to the citizen, and to the service providers, based on citizenconsent;
  •  Following the best principles of co- operative federalism while working with the States and Union Territories for the realization of the Vision;
  •  Promoting Health Data Analytic and Medical Research;
  •  Enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of Governance at all levels;
  • Ensuring Quality of healthcare.
  •  Leveraging the Information Systems already existing in the health sector.

NDHB Principles

  •  An Ecosystem cannot be built - it must evolve. Given this, a set of Principles - rather than specificationshavc been recommended to enable the evolution of the NDIIE. The key principles of the Blueprint include, from the domain perspective, Universal Health Coverage, Inclusivcness, Security and Privacy by Design, Education and Empowerment of the citizens; and from the technology perspective, Architectural Building Blocks, Interoperability through adoption of a condensed set of health information standards, a set of Registries as Single Sources of Truth, Open Technology Standards, Open APIs and above all, a minimalistic approach.

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Building Blocks of NDHB

  •  In the context of the evolution of a digital Ecosystem, as is the case of NDHE, building blocks are reusable frameworks or artifacts that most stakeholder groups need to rely upon for designing, developing and delivering their services.
  •  The Blueprint identifies the Minimum Viable Set of Building Block required for the NDHE to evolve, and describes their capabilities at a high-level. Conformance to the NDIIB Principles on the one side and to the NDIIB Standards and Regulations on the other side, are critical for an efficient design and development of the Building Blocks.
  •  Architectural Building Blocks constitute the core of NDIIB. These are represented schematically in the. While the Blueprint has 23 Building Blocks, a few of the critical requirements and capabilities of NDHE, addressed by appropriate combinations of the Building Blocks, are explained briefly:
  1. Identification: Unique identification of Persons, Facilities, Diseases and Devices is a key requirement and challenge as well in the evolution of NDHE. The Blueprint handles this requirement through 2 Building Blocks, namely, Personal Health Identifier (PHI), and Health Directories & Registries. The uniqueness in identification of Persons (citizens) required as an essential attribute of PHI is sought to be achieved through a combination of Aadhaar-based Identification/Authentication for schemes notified under the Aadhaar Act, and through other specified types of identifiers in respect of the rest. However, the design of the PHI is to be finalized by the Ministry, in consultation with MeitY and UIDAI duly taking into consideration the regulatory, technological and operational aspects. PHI in tandem with Health Locker will facilitate the creation and maintenance of Personal Health Records.
  2. Citizen to be in Control: The need for maintaining the confidentiality, security and privacy of the health records cannot be over-emphasized. These requirements are built into the design of NDHB a priori, rather than being retrofitted later. The Blueprint achieves these complex and mandatory requirements through a combination of a few Building Blocks, namely. Consent Manager. Anonymizer and Privacy Operations Centre. Besides these Building Blocks, application specific features and relevant international standards defined in the Blueprint fortify the privacy regime.
  3. Service Access/ Delivery: Omnichannel access/delivery is an important capability required in NDHE. This is achieved by a combination of Web (India Health Portal). Mobile (MyHealth App) and Call Centres  besides Social Media Platforms. The Command Control and Communication Centre enables real-time monitoring and real-time interventions needed in the NDHE. Given the significant spread of smartphones and the prospects of its further growth, the Blueprint emphasizes the 'Mobile First’ principle for majority of stakeholder-facing services.
  4. Interoperability : Interoperability is a pre- requisite not only for the development of integrated digital health services and continuum of care but also for the autonomous development of innovative value added services by entrepreneurs.Two Building Blocks, namely, the Health Information Exchange and the National Health Informatics Standards enable and promote the interoperability of various building blocks. Digital Health is but a small lever in the evolution of the overall national health Ecosystem. A substantial impact in the health sector is possible only through a posse of reforms and enhancements in the sector. These include improving the ratios like Doctor : Population, Specialist: Doctor, Bed: Population: enhancing the spread and quality of health infrastructure and improving knowledge and skills among the health professionals and workers.

Conclusion

  •  In conclusion, NDHB forms the foundation on which the edifice of an entire National Digital Health Ecosystem can be built in a phased manner.

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(GIST OF YOJANA) Payment and Settlement Systems- RBI’s Vision Document [JULY-2019]


(GIST OF YOJANA) Payment and Settlement Systems- RBI’s Vision Document

[JULY-2019]


Payment and Settlement Systems- RBI’s Vision Document

Introduction

  •  Payment and settlement systems arc the backbone of any economy. The Inst decade has witnessed substantial developments in this area of activity across the country.
  •  The Reserve Bank of India (RBI ). under powers from the Payment and Settlement Systems Act. 2007, has endeavoured to ensure that India has state-of-the-art ' payment and settlement systems that are not just safe and secure, but are also efficient, fast and affordable, efforts in this direction have yielded handsome results. The RBI Vision document outlines the road map for the three-year period spanning from 20 19 to 2021.

Positive Developments during 2015-2018

  •  Some of the positive outcomes of the developments during the period 2015-2018 include ushering introduction of new and innovative systems, distinctive shift from paper to electronic payment modes, sizable increase in transaction turnover, customer centric initiatives, international recognition, etc.
  •  Growth in electronic payments has been substantial with retail payments reflecting large growth in volume terms, while the Systemically Important Financial Market Infrastructures (SlFMIs), such as the Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) system and Financial Markets C learing through Clearing Corporation of India Ltd. (CCIL), dominate in value terms.
  •  The Pay ment Systems Vision 2021 recognises the need for continued emphasis on innovation, cyber security, financial inclusion, customer protection and competition.
  •  Quantitatively measured, digital payment transaction turnover vis-a-vis GDP (at market prices-current price) increased from 7.14 in 2016 to 7.85 in 2017 and further to 8.42 in 2018., The turnover in payment transactions (after including CCIL figures and paper) vis-a-vis GDP (at market prices-current price) increased from 14.41 in FY 2015-16 to 14.73 in FY 2016-17 and further to 15 in 2017-18.

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Highlights of Payment Systems Vision – 2021

  •  Empower every Indian with access to a bouquet of e-payment options that is safe, secure, convenient, quick and affordable. While the pursuit towards a ‘less cash’ society continues, accompanied by the ambition to have a less-card India as well, the endeavour is to also ensure increased efficiency, uninterrupted availability of of payment systems. The specific outcomes include-
  •  It is expected that the volume of cheque- based payments would be less than 2.0 per cent of the retail electronic transactions by 2021.
  •  Payment systems like UPI / IMPS are likely to register average annualised growth of over 1 00 per cent and NEFT at 40 per cent over the vision period. The number of digital transactions is expected to increase more than four times from 2069 crore in December 2018 to 8707 crore in December 2021.
  •  Measurably, the digital payment transaction turnover vis-a-vis GDP (at market prices-current price) is expected to further increase to 10.37 in 2019, 12.29 in 2020 and 14.80 in 2021. Payment transaction turnover, including CCIL transactions and paper, is expected to be 22.30 times the GDP (at market prices- payments space and establishment of new PSOs during the Vision period is envisaged.

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