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संघ लोक सेवा आयोग सिविल सेवा - मुख्य परीक्षा UPSC Mains Exam Hindi - SYLLABUS

(रसायन विज्ञान-Chemistry)

प्रश्न पत्र-1

1. परमाणु संरचना: क्वांटम सिद्दांत, हाइसेन वर्ग का अनिश्चितता सिद्दांत, श्रोडिंगर तरंग समीकरण ;काल अनाश्रित, तरंग फलन की व्याख्या, एकल विमीय बाॅक्स में कण, क्वांटम संख्याएं, हाइड्रोजन परमाणु तरंग पफलन । S,P  और D कक्षकों की आकृति ।

2. रसायन आबंध: आयनी आबंध, आयनी यौगिकों के अभिलक्षण,जालक ऊर्जा, बार्नहैबर चक्र; सहसंयोजक आबंध तथा इसके सामान्य अभिलक्षण । अणुओं में आबंध की  ध्रुवणता तथा उसके द्विध्रुव अघूर्ण । संयोजी आबंध सिद्दांत, अनुनाद तथा अनुनाद उर्जा की अवधरणा । अणु कक्षक सिद्दांत (LCAO पद्दति ) H₂ +, H₂ , He₂ से Ne₂ , NO, CO, HF CN । संयोजी आबंध तथा अणुकक्षक सिद्दांत की तुलना, आबंध कोटि, आबंध सामथ्र्य तथा आबंध लंबाई ।

3. ठोस अवस्था: क्रिस्टल पद्दति, क्रिस्टल पफलकों, जालक संरचनाओं तथा यूनिट सेल का स्पष्ट उल्लेख । ब्रेग का नियम, क्रिस्टल द्वारा X-रे विवर्तन क्लोज पैकिंग (ससंकुलित रचना), अर्धव्यास अनुपात नियम, सीमांत अर्धव्यास अनुपात मानों के आकलन ।Nacl, Zns CsC1 एवं CaF₂ की संरचना । स्टाइकियोमीट्रिक तथा नाॅन-स्टाइकियोमीट्रिक दोष, अशुद्दता दोष, अर्धचालक ।

4. गैस अवस्था एवं परिवहन परिघटना: वास्तविक गैसों की अवस्था का समीकरण, अंतराअणुक पारस्परिक क्रिया, गैसों का द्रवीकरण तथा क्रांतिक घटना, मैक्सवेल का गति वितरण, अंतराणुक संघट्ट, दीवार पर संघट्ट तथा अभिस्पंदन, ऊष्मा चालकता एवं आदर्श गैसों की श्यानता ।

5. द्रव अवस्था: केल्विन समीकरण, पृष्ठ तनाव एवं पृष्ठ ऊर्जा, आर्द्रक एवं संस्पर्श कोण, अंतरापृष्ठीय तनाव एवं कोशिका क्रिया ।

6. ऊष्मागतिकी: कार्य, ऊष्मा तथा आंतरिक ऊर्जा; ऊष्मागतिकी का प्रथम नियम, ऊष्मागतिकी का दूसरा नियम; एंट्राॅपी एक अवस्था पफलन के रूप में, विभिन्न प्रक्रमों में एंट्राॅपी परिवर्तन, एंट्राॅपी उत्क्रमणीयता तथा अनुत्क्रमणीयता, मुक्त ऊर्जा पफलन, अवस्था का ऊष्मागतिकी समीकरण, मैक्सवेल संबंध्; ताप, आयतन एवं U, H, A, G, Cp ,oa Cv, α एवं βकी दाब निर्भरता; J-T प्रभाव एवं व्युत्क्रमण ताप; साम्य के लिए निकष, साम्य स्थिरांक तथा ऊष्मागतिकीय राशियों के बीच संबंध्, नेन्स्र्ट ऊष्मा प्रमेय तथा ऊष्मागतिकी का तीसरा नियम ।

7. प्रावस्था साम्य तथा विलयन: क्लासियस-क्लेपिरन समीकरण,शद्द पदार्थों के लिए प्रावस्था आरेख; द्विआधारी पद्दति में प्रावस्था साम्य, आंशिक मिश्रणीय द्रवµउच्चतर तथा निम्नतर क्रांतिक विलयन ताप; आंशिक मोलर राशियां, उनका महत्व तथा निर्धारण; आध्क्यि उफष्मागतिकी पफलन और उनका निर्धरण । 

8. विद्युत रसायन: प्रबल विद्युत अपघट्यों का डेबाई हुकेल सिद्दांत एवं विभिन्न साम्य तथा अधिगमन गुणध्र्मों के लिए डेबाई हुकेल सीमांत नियम । गेल्वेनिक सेल, सांद्रता सेल; इलेक्ट्रोकेमिकल सीरीज, सेलों के मउकिा मापन और उसका अनुप्रयोग; ईंधन सेल तथा बैटरियां । इलैक्ट्रोड पर प्रक्रम; अंतरापृष्ठ पर द्विस्तर; चार्ज ट्रांस्पफर की दर, विद्युत धारा घनत्व; अतिविभव; वैद्युत विश्लेषण तकनीक; पोलरोग्रापफी, एंपरोमिति, आयन वरणात्मक इलेक्ट्रोड एवं उनके उपयोग ।

9. रासायनिक बलगतिकी: अभिक्रिया दर की सांद्रता पर निर्भरता, शून्य, प्रथम, द्वितीय तथा आंशिक कोटि की अभिक्रियाओं के लिए अवकल और समाकल दर समीकरण; उत्क्रम, समान्तर, क्रमागत तथा श्रृंखला अभिक्रियाओं के दर समीकरण; शाखन श्रृंखला एवं विस्फोट; दर स्थिरांक पर ताप और दाब का प्रभाव । स्टाॅप-फ्रलो और रिलेक्सेशन पद्दतियों द्वारा द्रुत अभिक्रियाओं का अध्ययन । संघटन और संक्रमण अवस्था सिद्दांत ।

10. प्रकाश रसायन: प्रकाश का अवशोषण; विभिन्न मार्गों द्वारा उत्तेजित अवस्था का अवसान; हाइड्रोजन और हेलोजनों के मध्य प्रकाश रसायन अभिक्रिया और उनकी क्वांटमी लब्धि ।

11. पृष्ठीय परिघटना तथा उत्प्रेरकता: ठोस अधिशोषकों पर गैसों और विलयनों का अधिशोषण, लैंगम्यूर तथा BET अधिशोषण रेखा; पृष्ठीय क्षेत्रापफल का निर्धरण; विषमांगी उत्प्रेरकों पर अभिक्रिया, अभिलक्षण और क्रियाविधि ।

12. जैव अकार्बनिक रसायन: जैविक तंत्रों में धातु आयन तथा भित्ति के पार आयन गमन ;आण्विक क्रियाविधिद्; आॅक्सीजन अपटेक प्रोटीन, साइटोक्रोम तथा पेफरोडेक्सिन ।

13. समन्वय रसायन: (क) धातु संकुल के आबंध सिद्दांत, संयोजकता आबंध सिद्दांत,क्रिस्टल फील्ड सिद्दांत और उसमें संशोध्न, धातु संकुल के चुंबकीय तथा इलेक्ट्रानिक स्पेक्ट्रम कर व्याख्या में सिद्दांतों का अनुप्रयोग ।
(ख) समन्वयी यौगिकों में आइसोमेरिज्म । समन्वयी यौगिकों का UPAC नामकरण; 4 तथा 6 समायोजन वाले संकुलों त्रिविम रसायन, किलेट प्रभाव तथा बहुनाभिकीय संकुल; परा-प्रभाव और उसके सिद्दांत; वर्ग समतली संकुल में प्रतिस्थापनिक अभिक्रियाओं की बलगतिकी; संकुलों की तापगतिकी तथा बलगतिकी स्थिरता ।
(ग) मैटल कार्बोनिलों की संश्लेषण संरचना तथा उनकी अभिक्रियात्मकता; कार्बोक्सिलेट एनाॅयन, कार्बोनिल हाइड्राइड तथा मेटल नाइट्रोसील यौगिक ।
(घ) एरोमैटिक प्रणाली के संकुलों, मैटल ओलेपिफन संकुलों में संश्लेषण, संरचना तथा बंध्, एल्काइन तथा सायक्लोपेंटाडायनिक संकुल, समन्वयी असंतृप्तता, आक्सीडेटिव योगात्मक अभ्रिक्रियाएँ, निवेशन अभिक्रियाएँ, प्रवाही अणु और उनका अभिलक्षण, मैटल-मैटल आबंध तथा मैटल परमाणु गुच्छे वाले यौगिक ।

14. मुख्य समूह रसायनिकी: बोरेन, बोराजाइन, पफास्पेफजीन एवं चक्रीय पफास्पेफजीन, सिलिकेट एवं सिलिकाॅन, इंटरहैलोजन यौगिक; गंधक-नाइट्रोजन यौगिक, नाॅबुल गैस यौगिक ।

15. F ब्लाॅक तत्वों का सामान्य रसायन: लन्थेनाइड एवं एक्टीनाइड; पृथक्करण, आक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ, चुंबकीय तथा स्पेक्ट्रमी गुणधर्म  ; लैथेनाइड संकुचन ।

प्रश्न पत्र-2

1. विस्थापित सहसंयोजक बंध: एरोमैटिकता, प्रतिएरोमैटिकता;एन्यूलीन, एजुलीन, ट्रोपोलोन्स, पुफल्वीन, सिडैनोन ।
2. (क) अभिक्रिया क्रियाविधि: कार्बनिक अभिक्रियाओं की क्रियाविधियों के अध्ययन की सामान्य विधियां (गतिक एवं गैर-गतिक दोनों), समस्थानिकी विधि, क्रास-ओवर प्रयोग, मध्यवर्ती ट्रैपिंग, त्रिविम रसायन, सक्रियण ऊर्जा, अभिक्रियाओं का ऊष्मागतिकी नियंत्रण तथा गतिक नियंत्रण ।
(ख) अभिक्रियाशील मध्यवर्तीः कार्बोनियम आयनों तथा कारबेनायनों, मुक्त मूलकों फ्री रेडिकल) कार्बीनों बेंजाइनों तथा नाईट्रेनो का उत्पादन, ज्यामिति, स्थिरता तथा अभिक्रिया ।

(ग) प्रतिस्थापन अभिक्रियाएँः SN₁ SN₂ एवं SNi क्रियाविध्यिाँ प्रतिवेशी समूह भागीदारी, पाइसेल, फ्रयूरन, थियोपिफन, इंडोन जैसे हेट्रोइक्लिक यौगिकों सहित ऐरोमैटिक यौगिकों की इलेक्ट्रापिफलिक तथा न्यूक्यिोपिफलिक अभिक्रियाएँ ।

(घ) विलोपन अभिक्रियाएँः E₁ ,E₂ तथा Elcb क्रियाविधियां  सेजैपफ तथा हॅापफमन E₂ अभिक्रियाओं में दिक्विन्यास, पाइरोलिटिक Eyn विलोपन-चुग्गीव तथा कोप विलोपन। 
(ड.) संकलन अभिक्रियाएँःC=C तथा C=C के लिए इलेक्ट्रोपिफलिक संकलन, C=C तथा C=N के लिए न्यूक्लियोपिफलिक संकलन, संयुग्मी ओलिपिफल्स तथा कार्बोजिल्स।

(च) अभिक्रियाएँ तथा पुनर्विन्यास : (क) पिनाकोल-पिनाकोलोन, हाॅपफबेन, बेकमन, बेयर बिलिगर, फेवोस्र्की, फ्राइस, क्लेसेन, कोप, स्टीवेन्ज तथा वाग्नर- मेरबाइन पुनर्विन्यास।
(छ) एल्डोल संघनन, क्लैसेन संघनन, डीकमन, परकिन,नोवेनेजेल, विटिग, क्लिमेंसन, वोल्पफ किशनर, केनिजारों तथा पफान-रोक्टर अभिक्रियाएँ, स्टाॅब बैंजोइन तथा एसिलोइन संघनन, पिफशर इंडोल संश्लेषण, स्क्राप, संश्लेषण विश्लर-नेपिरास्की, सैंडमेयर, टाइमन तथा रेपफाॅरमास्की अभिक्रियाँ ।

3. परिरंभीय अभिक्रियाएँः वर्गीकरण एवं उदाहरण, वुडवर्ड हाॅपफमैन नियम,विद्युतचक्रीय अभिक्रियाएँ, चक्री संकलन अभिक्रियाएँ (2+2 एवं 4+2) एवं सिग्मा-अनुवर्तनी विस्थापन (1, 3: 3, 3 तथा 1, 5) FMO उपागम ।

4. (i) बहुलकों का निर्माण और गुणधर्म: कार्बनिक बहुलक-पोलिएथिलीन, पोलिस्टाइरीन, पोलीविनाइल क्लोराइड, टेपफलाॅन,नाइलाॅन, टेरीलीन, संश्लिष्ट तथा प्राकृतिक रबड़ । 

(ii) जैव बहुलक: प्रोटीन, DNA,RNA की संरचनाएँ ।

5. अभिकारकों के सांश्लेषिक उपयोगः O5 O4 HIO₄ CrO₃ ] Pb (OAc)₄ SeO₂ NBS, B2H6 Na द्रव अमोनिया LiALH4 NabH4, nBuli ,एवं MCPBA

6. प्रकाश रसायन: साधरण कार्बनिक यौगिकों की प्रकाश रासायानिक अभिक्रियाएँ, उत्तेजित और निम्नतम् अवस्थाएँ, एकक और त्रिक अवस्थाएँ, नारिश टाइप-I और टाइप-II अभिक्रियाएँ ।

7. स्पेक्ट्रोमिकी सिद्दांत और संरचना के स्पष्टीकरण में उनका अनुप्रयोग । 
(i) घूर्णीकृद्विपरमाणुक अणु, समस्थनिक प्रतिस्थापन तथा घूर्णी स्थिरांक।
(ii) कांपनिककृद्विपरमाणुक अणु, रैखिक त्रिपरमाणुक अणु बहुपरमाणुक अणुओं में क्रियात्मक समूहों की विशिष्ट आवृत्तियाँ।

(iii) इलेक्ट्रानिक: एकक और त्रिक अवस्थाएं: द 11’ तथा 11कृ11 ऽसंक्रमण, संयुग्मित द्विआबंध् तथा संयुग्मित कारबोनिकल में अनुप्रयोग-वुडवर्ड-पफीशर नियमऋ चार्ज अंतवरण स्पेक्ट्रा ।
(iv) नाभिकीय चुम्बकीय अनुनाद ;1भ्छडत्द्ध रूआधरभूत सिद्दांतऋ रासायनिक शिफ्रट एवं स्पिन-स्पिन अन्योन्य क्रिया एवं कपलिंग स्थिरांक।
(v)द्रव्यमान स्पेक्ट्रोमिति: पैरैंट पीक, बेसपीक, मेटास्टेगल पीक, मैक लैपफर्टी पुनर्विन्यास।

UPSC Mains Exam Syllabus - Mathematics (Optional)

::Paper – 1::

(1) Linear Algebra :

• Vector spaces over R and C, linear dependence and independence, subspaces, bases, dimensions, Linear transformations, rank and nullity, matrix of a linear transformation.
• Algebra of Matrices; Row and column reduction, Echelon form, congruence’s and similarity; Rankof a matrix; Inverse of a matrix; Solution of system of linear equations; Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, characteristic polynomial, Cayley-Hamilton theorem, Symmetric, skew-symmetric, Hermitian, skewHermitian, orthogonal and unitary matrices and their eigenvalues.

(2) Calculus :

• Real numbers, functions of a real variable, limits, continuity, differentiability, mean-value theorem, Taylor’s theorem with remainders, indeterminate forms, maxima and minima, asymptotes; Curve tracing; Functions of two or three variables; Limits, continuity, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, Lagrange’s method of multipliers, Jacobian.
• Riemann’s definition of definite integrals; Indefinite integrals; Infinite and improper integral; Double and triple integrals (evaluation techniques only); Areas, surface and volumes.

(3) Analytic Geometry :

• Cartesian and polar coordinates in three dimensions, second degree equations in three variables, reduction to Canonical forms; straight lines, shortest distance between two skew lines, Plane, sphere, cone, cylinder, paraboloid, ellipsoid, hyperboloid of one and two sheets and their properties.

(4) Ordinary Differential Equations :

• Formulation of differential equations; Equations of first order and first degree, integrating factor; Orthogonal trajectory; Equations of first order but not of first degree, Clairaut’s equation, singular solution.
• Second and higher order liner equations with constant coefficients, complementary function, particular integral and general solution.
• Section order linear equations with variable coefficients, Euler-Cauchy equation; Determination of complete solution when one solution is known using method of variation of parameters.
• Laplace and Inverse Laplace transforms and their properties, Laplace transforms of elementary functions. Application to initial value problems for 2nd order linear equations with constant coefficients.

(5) Dynamics and Statics :

• Rectilinear motion, simple harmonic motion, motion in a plane, projectiles; Constrained motion; Work and energy, conservation of energy; Kepler’s laws, orbits under central forces.
• Equilibrium of a system of particles; Work and potential energy, friction, Common catenary; Principle of virtual work; Stability of equilibrium, equilibrium of forces in three dimensions.

(6) Vector Analysis :

• Scalar and vector fields, differentiation of vector field of a scalar variable; Gradient, divergence and curl in cartesian and cylindrical coordinates; Higher order derivatives; Vector identities and vector equation. Application to geometry : Curves in space, curvature and torsion; Serret-Furenet's formulae.
• Gauss and Stokes’ theorems, Green's indentities.

IAS Mains General Studies Study Kit

UPSC Mains Exam Syllabus - Medical Science (Optional)

::Paper – 1::

1. Human Anatomy :

• Applied anatomy including blood and nerve supply of upper and lower limbs and joints of shoulder, hip and knee.
• Gross anatomy, blood supply and lymphatic drainage of tongue, thyroid, mammary gland, stomach, liver, prostate, gonads and uterus.
• Applied anatomy of diaphragm, perineum and inguinal region.
• Clinical anatomy of kidney, urinary bladder, uterine tubes, vas deferens.
• Embryology : Placenta and placental barrier. Development of heart, gut, kidney. uterus, ovary, testis and their common congenital abnormalities.
• Central and Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System : Gross and clinical anatomy of ventricles of brain, circulation of cerebrospinal fluid; Neural pathways and lesions of cutaneous sensations, hearing and vision; Cranial nerves distribution and clinical significance; Components of autonomic nervous system.

2. Human Physiology :

• Conduction and transmission of impulse, mechanism of contraction, neuromuscular transmission, reflexes, control of equilibrium, posture and muscle tone, descending pathways, functions of cerebellum, basal ganglia, Physiology of sleep and consciousness.
• Endocrine System : Mechanism of action of hormones; formation, secretion, transport, metabolism, function and regulation of secretion of pancreas and pituitary gland.
• Physiology of Reproductive System : Pregnancy menstrual cycle, lactation, pregnancy.
• Blood : Development, regulation and fate of blood cells.
• Cardio-vascular,cardiac output, blood pressure, regulation of cardiovascular functions.

3. Biochemistry :

• Organ function tests—liver, kidney, thyroid Protein synthesis.
• Vitamins and minerals.
• Restriction fragment length.
• polymorphism (RFLP).
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
• Radio-immunoassays (RIA).

4. Pathology :

• Inflammation and repair, disturbances of growth and cancer, Pathogenesis and histopathology of rheumatic and ischaemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus. Differentiation between benign, malignant, primary and metastatic malignancies, Pathogenesis and histopathology of bronchogenic carcinoma, carcinoma breast, oral cancer, cancer cervix, leukemia, Etiology, pathogenesis and histopathology of— cirrhosis liver, glomerulonephritis, tuberculosis, acute osteomyelitis.

5. Microbiology :

Humoral and cell mediated immunity.

Diseases caused by and laboratory diagnosis of —

• * Meningococcus, Saimonella
• * Shigella, Herpes, Dengue, Polio
• * HIV/AIDS, Malaria, E. Histolytica, Giardia
• * Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus.

6. Pharmacology :

Mechanism of action and side effects of the following drugs :

• * Antipyretics and analgesics, Antibiotics,
• * Antimalaria, Antikala-azar, Antidiabetics,
• * Antihypertensive, Antidiuretics, General and cardiac vasodilators, Antiviral, Antiparasitic, Antifungal, Immunosuppressants,
• * Anticancer.

7. Forensic Medicine and Toxicology

• Forensic examination of injuries and wounds; Examination of blood and seminal stains; Poisoning, sedative overdose, hanging, drowning, burns, DNA and finger print study.

IAS Mains General Studies Study Kit

UPSC Mains Exam Syllabus - Manipuri (Literature)

::Paper – 1::

(Answers must be written in Manipuri)

Section "A"

Language :

(a) General characteristics of Manipuri Language and history of its development; its importance and status among the Tibeto-Burman Languages of North-East India; recent development in the study of Manipuri Language; evolution and study of old Manipuri script.

(b) Significant features of Manipuri Language :

• (i) Phonology : Phoneme-vowels, consonants juncture, tone, consonant cluster and its occurrence, syllable-its structure, pattern and types.
• (ii) Morphology : Word-class, root and its types; affix and its types; grammatical categories-gender,number, person, case, tense and aspects, process of compounding (samas and sandhi).
• (iii) Syntax : Word order; types of sentences, phrase and clause structures.

Section "B"

(a) Literary History of Manipuri :

• Early period (up to 17th Century)–Social and cultural background; Themes, diction and style of the works.
• Medieval period (18th and 19th Century)-Social, religious and political background; Themes, diction and style of the works.
• Modern period-Growth of major literary forms; change of Themes, diction and style.

(b) Manipuri Folk Literature :

• Legend, Folktale, Folksong, Ballad, Proverb and Riddle.

(c) Aspects of Manipuri Culture :

• Pre-Hindu Manipuri Faith; Advent of Hinduism and the process of syncreticism;
• Performing arts-Lai Haraoba, Maha Ras;
• Indegenous games-Sagol Kangjei, Khong Kangjei, Kang.

IAS Mains General Studies Study Kit

UPSC Mains Exam Syllabus - Law (Optional)

::Paper – 1::

Constitutional and administrative Law :

1. Constitution and Constitutionalism:The distinctive features of the Constitution.

2. Fundamental Rights—Public interest litigation; Legal Aid; Legal services authority.

3. Relationship between Fundamental rights, Directive principles and Fundamental duties.

4. Constitutional Position of the President and relation with the Council of Ministers.

5. Governor and his powers.

6. Supreme Court and the High Courts:

(a) Appointments and transfer.
(b) Powers, functions and jurisdiction.

7. Centre, States and local bodies:

(a) Distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States.
(b) Local Bodies.
(c) Administrative relationship among Union, State and Local Bodies.
(d) Eminent domain-State property-common property-community property.

8. Legislative powers, privileges and immunities.

9. Services under the Union and the States:

(a) Recruitment and conditions of services;Constitutional safeguards; Administrative tribunals.
(b) Union Public Service Commission and StatePublic Service Commissions—Power andfunctions.
(c) Election Commission—Power and functions.

10. Emergency provisions.
11. Amendment of the Constitution.
12. Principle of Natural Justice—Emerging trends and judicial approach.
13. Delegated legislation and its constitutionality.
14. Separation of powers and constitutional governance.
15. Judicial review of administrative action.
16. Ombudsman: Lokayukta, Lokpal etc.

International Law :

1. Nature and Definition of International Law.
2. Relationship between International Law and Municipal Law.
3. State Recognition and State Succession.
4. Law of the sea: Inland Waters,Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and High Seas.
5. Individuals: Nationality, statelessness; Human Rights and procedures available for their enforcement.
6. Territorial jurisdiction of States, Extradition and Asylum.
7. Treaties : Formation, application, termination and reservation.
8. United Nations : Its principal organs, powers and functions and reform.
9. Peaceful settlement of disputes—different modes.
10. Lawful recourse to force : aggressions, self-defence, intervention.
11. Fundamental principles of international humanitarian law—International conventions and contemporary developments.
12. Legality of the use of nuclear weapons; ban on testing of nuclear weapons; Nuclear nonproliferation treaty, CTST.
13. International Terrorism, State sponsored terrorism, Hijacking, International Criminal Court.
14. New International Economic Order and Monetary Law : WTO, TRIPS, GATT, IMF, World Bank.
15. Protection and Improvement of the Human Environment : International Efforts.

IAS Mains General Studies Study Kit

UPSC Mains Exam Syllabus - Konkani (Literature)

::Paper – 1::

(Answers must be written in Konkani)

Section "A"

History of the Konkani Language :

(i) Origin and development of the language and influences on it.

(ii) Major variants of Konkani and their linguistic features.

(iii) Grammatical and lexicographic work in Konkani, including a study of cases, adverbs, indeclinables and voices.

(iv) Old Standard Konkani, New Standard and Standardisation problems.

Section "B"

History of Konkani Literature

Candidates would be expected to be well-acquainted with Konkani literature and its social and cultural background and consider the problems and issues arising out of them.

(i) History of Konkani literature from its probable source to the present times, with emphasis on its major works, writers and movements.

(ii) Social and cultural background of the making of Konkani literature from time to time.

(iii) Indian and Western influences on Konkani literature, from the earliest to modern times.

(iv) Modern literary trends in the various genres and regions including a study of Konkani folklore.

IAS Mains General Studies Study Kit

UPSC Mains Exam Syllabus - Kannada (Literature)

::Paper – 1::

(Answers must be written in Kannada)

Section "A"

A. History of Kannada Language

1.  What is Language ? General characteristics of Language. Dravidian Family of Languages and its specific features. Antiquity of Kannada Language. Different phases of its Development.
2.  Dialects of Kannada Language : Regional and Social. Various aspects of developments of Kannada Language: phonological and Semantic changes. Language borrowing.

B. History of Kannada Literature

1. Ancient Kannada literature : Influence and Trends, Poets for study : Specified poets from Pampa to Ratnakara Varni are to be studied in the light of contents, form and expression : Pampa, Janna, Nagachandra.
2. Medieval Kannada literature : Influence and Trends.
3. Vachana Literature : Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi.
4. Medieval Poets : Harihara, Raghavanka, Kumara-Vyasa.
5. Dasa literature : Purandara and Kanaka.
6. Sangataya : Ratnakarvarni

C. Modern Kannada literature : Influence, trends and ideologies, Navodaya, Pragatishila, Navya, Dalita and Bandaya.

Section "B"

A. Poetics and Literary Criticism

1. Definition and concepts of poetry; Word, Meaning, Alankara, Reeti, Rasa, Dhwani, Auchitya.
2. Interpretations of Rasa Sutra. Modern Trends of literary criticism : Formalist, Historical, Marxist, Feminist, Post-colonial criticism.

B. Cultural History of Karnataka

1. Contribution of Dynasties to the culture of Karnataka: Chalukyas of Badami and Kalyani, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagara rulers, in literary context.
2. Major religions of Karnataka and their cultural contribution.
3. Arts of Karnataka ; Sculpture, Architecture, Painting, Music, Dance—in the literary context.
4. Unification of Karnataka and its impact of Kannada literature.

IAS Mains General Studies Study Kit

1. Chapter VI of UN Charter is devoted to peaceful settlement of International Disputes. Discuss the methods mentioned and explain the role of Security Council and General Assembly in this regard, and the role such settlement plays in obviating the need to resort to Chapter VII measures. (13/I/8a/25)

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Printed Study Material for IAS PRE cum Mains General Studies

UPSC Mains Exam Syllabus - Gujarati (Literature)

::Paper – 1::

(Answers must be written in Gujarati)

Section "A"

Gujarati Language : Form and History

(1) History of Gujarati Language with special reference to New Indo-Aryan i.e. last one thousand years.
(2) Significant features of the Gujarati language : phonology, morphology and syntax.
(3) Major dialects : Surti, pattani, charotari and Saurashtri.

History of Gujarati literature Medieval :

4. Jaina tradition
5. Bhakti tradition : Sagun and Nirgun (Jnanmargi)
6. Non-sectarian tradition (Laukik parampara)

Modern :

7. Sudharak yug
8. Pandit yug
9. Gandhi yug
10. Anu-Gandhi yug
11. Adhunik yug

Section "B"

Literary Forms : (Salient features, history and development of the following literary forms :)

(a) Medieval

1. Narratives : Rasa, Akhyan and Padyavarta
2. Lyrical: Pada

(b) Folk

3. Bhavai

(c) Modern

4. Fiction : Novel and Short Story
5. Drama
6. Literary Essay
7. Lyrical Poetry

(d) Criticism

8. History of theoretical Gujarati criticism
9. Recent research in folk tradition.

IAS Mains General Studies Study Kit

UPSC Mains Exam Syllabus - Geology (Optional)

::Paper – 1::

1. General Geology :

• The Solar System, meteorites, origin and interior of the earth and age of earth; Volcanoes—causes and products, Volcanic belts. Earthquakes—causes, effects, seismic of zone of India; Island arcs, trenches and mid-ocean ridges; Continental drift; Seafloor spreading, plate tectonics. Isostasy.

2. Geomorphology and Remote Sensing :

• Basic concepts of geomorphology. Weathering and soil formations; Landforms, slopes and drainage. Geomorphic cycles and their interpretation. Morphology and its relation to structures and lithology; Coastal geomorphology; Applications of geomorphology in mineral prospecting, civil engineering; hydrology and environmental studies; Geomorphology of Indian sub-continent.
• Aerial photographs and their interpretation—merits and limitations; The Electromagnetic spectrum. Orbiting Satellites and Sensor Systems. Indian Remote Sensing Satellites. Satellite data products; Applications of remote sensing in geology; The Geographic Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS)—its applications.

3. Structural Geology :

• Principles of geologic mapping and map reading, projection diagrams, Stress and strain ellipsoid and stress-strain relationships of elastic, plastic and viscous materials; Strain markers in deformed rocks. Behaviour of minerals and rocks under deformation conditions. Folds and faults classification and mechanics; Structural analysis of folds, foliations, lineations, joints and faults, unconformities; Timerelationship between crystallization and deformation.

4. Paleontology :

• Species—definition and nomenclature; Megafossils and Microfossils. Modes of preservation of fossils; Different kinds of microfossils; Application of microfossils in correlation, petroleum exploration, paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic studies; Evolutionary trend in Hominidae, Equidae and Proboscidae. Siwalik fauna.
• Gondwana flora and fauna and its importance; Index fossils and their significance.

5. Indian Stratigraphy :

• Classification of stratigraphic sequences: lithostrati-graphic, biostratigraphic, chrono-stratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic and their interrelationships; Distribution and classification of Precambrian rocks of India; Study of stratigraphic distribution and lithology of Phanerozoic rocks of India with reference to fauna, flora and economic importance. Major boundary problems—Cambrian/ Precambrian, Permian/Triassic, Cretaceous/Tertiary and Pliocene/Pleistocene; Study of climatic conditions, paleogeography and igneous activity in the Indian sub-continent in the geological past. Tectonic framework of India. Evolution of the Himalayas.

6. Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology :

• Hydrologic cycle and genetic classification of water; Movement of subsurface water; Springs; Porosity, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity and storage coefficient, classification of aquifers; Water-bearing characteristics of rocks; Groundwater chemistry. Salt water intrusion. Types of wells. Drainage basin morphometry; Exploration for groundwater; Groundwater recharge; Problems and management of groundwater; Rainwater harvesting; Engineering properties of rocks; Geological investigations for dams, tunnels highways, railway and bridges; Rock as construction material; Landslides causes, prevention and rehabilitation; Earthquake-resistant structures.

IAS Mains General Studies Study Kit

1. The doctrin of separation of powers in its classical sense, which is functional ratherthan structural, cannot be applied in any modern government. Discuss.
2. “The Constitution of Indian merely subscribes to three-fold division ofgubernatiorial functions and not to the doctrine of separation of powers in its absolute rigidity.” Comment. (13/I/2b/25)

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Printed Study Material for IAS PRE cum Mains General Studies

1. “One of the methods of control over the exercise of power of delegated legislation is legislative overseeing of delegated legislation.” Discuss. Highlight the legislative control over delegated legislation. (94/I/Id/20)
2. Section 7 of the Delhi Laws Act, 1912 empowered the Provincial Government to extend with such restrictions and modifications as it thinks fit to the province of Delhi or any part thereof, any enactment which is in force in any part of India on the date of such notification. A petition is filed in the Supreme Court contending that delegation of such legislative power is not constitutional. Decide. (98/I/4b/30)
3. “The question today is not whether there should be delegated legislation, but subject to what safeguards it should be resorted to.” Critically examine the statement. (00/I/1d/20)
4. “There is no abdication, surrender of legislative function so long as the legislature has expressed its will on a particular subject matter, indicated its policy and left effectuation of policy to subordinate agency.” Discuss. (0l/I/1d/20)
5. Outline the methods of Parliamentary control over delegated legislation. (02/I/4a/30)
6. “One of the methods of control over the exercise of power of delegated legislation is legislative overseeing of delegated legislation”. Discuss. Highlight the legislative control over delegated legislation. (03/I/Id/20)
7. “Essential legislative functions cannot be delegated.” Explain with the help of case-law. Also discuss the technique and utility of legislative control of delegated legislation. (06/I/4a/30)
8. “The legislature cannot delegate its powers to make a law but it can make a law to delegate a power to determine some fact or state of things upon which the law intents to make its own action depend.” Critically comment on the above statement and discuss with the aid of relevant legal provisions and case laws. (08/I/3a/30)
9. “The doctrine of excessive delegation is a judicially tailored principle. (10/I/4c/20)

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Printed Study Material for IAS PRE cum Mains General Studies

1. “True our Constitution has no ‘due process’ clause but after Maneka Gandhi’s case the consequence is the same.” Discuss. (97/I/3b/30)
2. Justice should not only be done, but should manifestly and undoubtedly be seem to be done. Comment. (99/I/1c/20)
3. Except in cases where the requirement has been dispensed with expressly or by necessary implication an administrative authority exercising judicial or quasijudicial functions is required to record the reasons for its decisions. Examine and discuss whether administrative authority must record reasons for its decision when performing administrative function. (01/I/2b/30)
4. Illustrate the doctrine of ‘Nemo judex in causa sua’ (no one should be a judge in his own cause) as an effective rule of natural justice. (02/I/4b/30)
5. “Bias vitiates all judicial and quasijudicial proceedings.” Comment on this statement and give two examples to illustrate the principle. (05/I/4b/30)
6. “The concept of natural justice is elastic and is not susceptible to precise definition.” Do you agree with this statement?,Explain the concept of natural justice with the help of case-law. (06/I/1d/20)
7. “There is still a controversy whether Reasoned Decisions’ comprise a third pillar of natural justice.” Do you agree with this statement? Discuss with reference to recent case laws. (09/I/1b/20)
8. “Ehlr veterinary og lse id important in India, it cannot be at the cost of justice.” Critically examine this statement in the context of ‘curative petition’ in India and also refer to relenant case-law (10/I/1c/20)

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1. Enumerate the various procedures of amending the Constitution. Discuss the limits of the amending power. (93/I/3b/30)
2. “The doctrine of basic structure has established judicial supremacy in the area of constitutional amendment.” Examine. (95/I/1d/20)
3. “The amending power of Parliament should not be subjected to the vague and uncertain doctrine of basic structure.” Comment. (97/I/1a/20)
4. Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution cannot be equated with the power of the Constituent Assembly to frame a Constitution. Comment. (99/I/1b/20)
5. Assuming that the Parliament, under Article 368 of the Constitution, passes the following constitutional amendments: (00/I/3a/30)
   (i) Religion is a matter of personal faith. Its propagation in any form is strictly prohibited.
   (ii) Article 16(4) of the Constitution empowering the state to make reservation in services under the state in favour of backward class of citizens is completely deleted. Discuss whether these amendments are likely to be held valid.
6. “All these years Article 368 has seen a tug of war between the constituent power and power of judicial review.” Comment on and narrate this development in detail. (05/I/2a/30)
7. “The power to destroy the constitution is not included in the power to amend the Constitution.” (10/I/4a/20)
8. Examine whether the Election Commission of India has succeeded in performing the two responsibilities entrusted to it under Art. 324 of the Constitution of India? What steps would you suggest to ensure the preparation of correct electoral rolls? (11/I/3b/30)
9. The goals specified in the Preamble contain basic structure of our Constitution, which cannot be amended under Article 368. Elaborate in context of leading cases. (13/I/3a/25)

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1. “One has to turn to the privileges of the House of Commons to ascertain the parliamentary privileges in India.” How far is this statement still correct? Give reasons. (94/I/3b/30)
2. “One has to turn to the privileges of the House of Commons to ascertain the Parliamentary privileges in India”. How far is this statement still correct? Discuss. (03/I/1c/20)
3. “Parliamentary privileges is an essential incident to the high and multifarious functions which the legislature is called upon to perform.” Discuss the position under the Constitution of India. Will you suggest reforms, if any, in the existing position? (04/I/4a/30)
4. “The issue of parliamentary privileges has been bone of contention and conflict between the Parliament and Judiciary.” Critically examine in the light of the decided cases. (06/I/1c/20)
5. “With a view to enabling Parliament to act and discharge its high functions effectively, without any interference or obstruction from any quarter, without fear or favour certain privileges and immunities are attached to each House collectively, and to the Member thereof individually.” Critically examine the statement. (08/I/1 b/ 20)

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Printed Study Material for IAS PRE cum Mains General Studies