SECTION-A

Q1. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: 10x5=50 marks

(a) Discuss three indirect methods and three direct methods of dating geological formations and geological events. 
(b) What are the characteristics of glacio-fluvial deposits? Discuss five glacio-fluvial depositional landforms with neat diagram. 
(c) Explain the differences between satellite remote sensing and aerial photographs. What are their mutual advantages and limitations? 
(d) Draw a cross-section from north to south and discuss the tectonic framework of the Himalaya. 
(e) How do you differentiate between brittle and ductile deformation in rocks? 

Q2. (a) What are folds? Describe the morphology of the folds. Discuss the criteria of their recognition in the field. 20 
(b) What are the evidences supporting continental drift' theory and what are its limitations? 15
(c) Describe the spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal resolutions of a satellite image. Discuss the spatial and temporal resolutions needed for geological, climatological, emergency response and meteorological study. 15 

Q3. (a) Briefly describe Global Positioning System (GPS) and its characteristics, its different segments and GPS satellite signals. List any five applications of GPS. 20 
(b) With the help of neat sketches, describe the effect of faults on outcrop pattern. 15 
(c) What is volcano? Discuss four positive relief features and four negative relief features associated with a volcano.

Q4. (a) What are 'island arc' systems? What are its major characteristics? Draw a schematic section through an island arc system and describe all its components. 20 
(b) What is meant by the term 'drainage pattern'? Draw neat diagrams and illustrate four different drainage patterns, and discuss their significance with respect to lithology and structure. 15 
(c) What is rock cleavage? Give the significance of cleavage in deciphering the structure of a folded area. 

Section-B

Q5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: 10x5=50 marks

(a) Define index fossils and give the characteristics of a good index fossil.
(b) Describe the mammalian fauna in the Siwalik Supergroup and add a note on the age. 
(c) Give a short geological account of Deccan volcanic province'. 
(d) Describe the geological factors to be considered in the construction of tunnels.
(e) Describe different types of aquifers and list the characteristics of a good aquifer. 

Q6. (a) Define microfossil. Describe the characteristics like ecology, shape, size, composition and age range of Foraminifera. 
(b) What are cratons? Give a brief account of stratigraphy and evolution of any  one Indian craton. 
(c) What are the factors that must be considered during the geological investigation for locating a dam site? 

Q7. (a) Describe the groundwater provinces of India and comment on their hydrogeological potential. 
(b) Write short notes on the following: 
(i) Lower Vindhyan Group
(ii) Talchir Formation 
(iii) Upper Siwalik Group

(c) Describe the evolution of Equidae from Eohippus to Equus. 

Q8. (a) Give an account of stratigraphy of the Aravalli Supergroup.
(b) Define 'specific yield' and 'specific retention' of aquifers. Explain how they are related to porosity with the help of equations.
(c) What are the objectives of the scientific nomenclature of species? Describe the binomial nomenclature. 

यूपीएससी आईएएस (UPSC IAS) परीक्षाओं के लिए एनसीईआरटी किताबें NCERT Books क्यों पढ़ें?

जब आप आईएएस की तैयारी शुरू करने का निर्णय लेते हैं, तो सिविल सेवा चयनित आईएस Toppers या अन्य उम्मीदवारों की पहली सलाह NCERT Books पढने की होती है |

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• मुझे स्कूल की किताबें फिर से पढ़ने की आवश्यकता क्यों है?

• क्या यह प्रसिद्ध और समीक्षकों द्वारा प्रशंसित लेखकों की पुस्तकों को पढ़ना है ?

• मुझे बहुत सारी मोटी-मोटी किताबे क्यों नहीं पढ़नी है ?

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• ये स्कूल के बच्चों के लिए लिखी गई हैं और इसलिए यह समझने में बहुत सहज हैं

• ये किसी भी मुद्दे के सभी संबंधित आयामों को कवर करते हैं उदाहरण । पर्यावरण का अध्ययन बहुत ही बुनियादी स्तर पर सभी सामाजिक, आर्थिक और राजनीतिक आयामों को कवर करता है

• यह किसी भी राजनीतिक पूर्वाग्रह से मुक्त है, एक बुनियादी मूल्य जो आपके सभी उत्तरों में प्रतिबंधित होना चाहिए

• एनसीईआरटी किताबें पाठ्यक्रम में दिए गए विषयों से संबंधित सभी बुनियादी चीजें (वर्तमान मामलों से, उदाहरण के लिए, साइंस अवं टेक(S&T) में नवीनतम विकास) को कवर करती हैं।

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(Download) UPSC IAS Mains Exam 2019

Geography (Paper-2)

Exam Name: UPSC IAS Mains Geography (Paper-II)

Marks: 250

Time Allowed: 3 Hours

Year : 2019

SECTION "A"

Q.1 (a) On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/commercial/economic/ecological/environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry:  2x10-20 

(i) Lothal 
(ii) River Beas 
(iii) Chikhaldara 
(iv) Narora 
(v) Lengpui 
(vi) Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary 
(vii) Thenmala 
(viii) Anamudi 
(ix) Barren Island 
(x) Durgaduani creek 

1.(b) Examine the major causes of ground water depletion in India. 
1.(c) Why is the Indian Monsoon erratic in nature ? Explain. 
1.(d) Explain the significance of dry farming in drought prone areas of India. 

2.(a) Correlate the agro-climatic zones with agro-ecological regions of India. 20 
2.(b) Critically analyse the role of multinational corporations in India's economic development with suitable examples. 15 
2.(c) Discuss how watershed management has become a tool in eradication of rural poverty in India. 15 

3.(a) Discuss the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides in agriculture and its impact on human health. 20 
3.(b) Examine ongoing space programmes of India and their implications for national security in future. 15 
3.(c) Discuss the rainfall pattern and correlate it with spatial distribution of natural vegetation in India. 15 

4.(a) Discuss the political aspects of Himalaya. Explain how it has affected geo-strategy, geo-politics and regional consciousness of Indian federalism. 20 
4.(b) Examine the development of information technology in India and its influence on work culture and society. 15
4.(c) Explain the present status of age-structure and availability of workforce in India. 15 

UPSC Mains General Studies Study Kit

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(Download) UPSC IAS Mains Exam 2019

Geography (Paper-1)

• Exam Name: UPSC IAS Mains Geography (Paper-I)
• Marks: 250
• Time Allowed: 3 Hours
• Year : 2019

SECTION "A"

Q.1 Answer the following questions in about 150 words each:

(a) Describe phreatic eruptions and their consequences. 
(b) Explain the techniques to calculate potential evapotranspiration suggested by Thornthwaite. 
(c) How are sandspits and tombolos formed? 
(d) Amensalism is a biotic factor that determines the geographic limits of species. Explain. 
(e) How do mountaineers constitute a threat to Mount Everest? 

Q.2 (a) Why is it necessary to conserve genetic diversity of species? Do protected areas serve any useful purpose in this context? 
(b) Compare and contrast different types of plate boundaries. 
(c) Explain the nature of urban climates and their impact on global environmental change. 

Q.3 (a) Discuss in detail the tri-cellular model of atmospheric circulation. 
(b) How are soil acidity and alkalinity related to soil fertility? 
(c) “The web of life is seamless and the consequences of disruption to one part of the ecosystem ripple throughout the whole." Elaborate. 

Q.4 (a) Discuss the methods of measuring the intensity and magnitude of earthquakes. How are seismic zones demarcated? 
(b) The impact of floods on life and property can be most effectively reduced by hazard mapping. Comment. 
(c) How are ocean waves formed? Distinguish between a wave of oscillation and a wave of translation.

UPSC Mains General Studies Study Kit

UPSC Exam Complete Study Materials (Pre, Mains, Interview COMBO Study Kit)

(Download) CS (MAIN) EXAM : 2019 Electrical Engineering (Paper II)

• Exam Name : CS (MAIN) EXAM : 2019
• Subject : Electrical Engineering
• Marks: 250
• Time Allowed : Three Hours
• Paper-II

(Download) CS (MAIN) EXAM : 2019 Electrical Engineering (Paper I)

• Exam Name : CS (MAIN) EXAM : 2019
• Subject : Electrical Engineering
• Marks: 250
• Time Allowed : Three Hours
• Paper-I

(Download) UPSC IAS Mains Exam 2019

Economics (Paper-2)

Exam Name: UPSC IAS Mains Economics (Paper-II)

Marks: 250

Time Allowed: 3 Hours

Year : 2019

SECTION "A"

Q.1 Answer the following questions in about 150 words each?

(a) Account for the commercialisation of Indian agriculture during the second half of the 19th century and analyse its effects. 
(b) Do you agree that the development of Indian railways during the British Rule helped facilitate the process of industrialisation ? Give reasons. 
(c) Highlight the main contributions of C. N. Vakil to Indian planning as opposed to that of the Mahalanobis Model at the time of the formulation of the Second Five Year Plan for India. 
(d) How has the movement of agricultural prices during the post-liberalisation period been responsible for farmers' distress in India ? 
(e) Evaluate the Competition Act, 2002, relative to the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act.

Q.2 (a) Trace the development of the cotton textile industry in India during the British period. Discuss the major problems faced by the industry in different stages of its growth during this period.
(b) Explain the underlying causes and effects of deindustrialisation in India during the 19th century.
(c) Examine the theory of "Economic Drain" in the second half of the 19th century in India and discuss its economic effects. 

Q.3 (a) "The progress in the implementation of tenancy and revenue reforms during the first three decades after independence in India was not satisfactory." Do you agree with this view ? Do you think that the advent of the Green Revolution made such land reforms policy redundant ? 
(b) Discuss the technological factors relating to the Green Revolution in India. 15 
(c) Do you think that the fall in public investment in agriculture adversely affects the productivity growth of this sector in India ? Give reasons. 

Q.4 (a) Explain the principal causes of deceleration in industrial growth during the mid 1960's to mid 1970's in India. Do you think that the reasons for the slowdown in industrial growth since the late 1990s are basically different from those of the earlier deceleration ? Answer with proper arguments.
(b) Examine the role of capital account convertibility in controlling deficit in the current account of India's Balance of Payments (BOPs). 
(c) Would you advocate a programme of Universal Basic Income (UBI) to reduce extreme poverty in India ? Discuss in detail. 

UPSC Mains General Studies Study Kit

(Download) UPSC IAS Mains Exam 2019

Economics (Paper-1)

Exam Name: UPSC IAS Mains Economics (Paper-I)

Marks: 250

Time Allowed: 3 Hours

Year : 2019

SECTION "A"

Q.1 Answer the following questions in about 150 words each?

(a) Under competition, the cost function is given as Cly) = y2 +1, where y is output. Derive the inverse supply curve and show how the supply curve looks like. 
(b) What determines the degree of price discrimination under monopoly market? 
(c) How does 'carbon trading help in reducing environment degradation? 
(d) How is Human Development Index calculated by UNDP? Can there be a better method of assigning weights to various indicators? 
(e) Show that in a simple Keynesian model, equal expansion in tax and government expenditure does not always lead to balanced budget theorem. 
 

Q.2 (a) 'Tragedy of the commons' leads to over-exploitation of resources. Analyze. 15 
(b) The following data are given for an economy : 

• Consumption function, C =250+0.5(Y -T)-500r 
• Investment function, I = 250-500r
• Real money demand function, L/P=0.5Y -500r
• Nominal money supply, M = 7650 
• Price level, P=17 
• Tax = T = Government expenditure = G = 200 
• Here Y = Real income, r = Real rate of interest, L = Nominal money demand, P = Price level. 

(i) Find the equations for IS and LM curves, and solve for Y and r.
(ii) Find out the multiplier formula for money supply change and then calculate the change in output if money supply changes by 510. 7+8=15 
(c) How can controls on foreign trade contribute to the development of developing countries? 

Q.3 (a) The role of income and substitution effect is crucial in producing backward bending labour supply curve when a tax is imposed on wages. Do you agree? 15 
(b) In case of perfect capital mobility, explain the difference of the impact of an increase in money supply on GDP under two alternative exchange rate regimes—one fixed and the other flexible. 15 
(c) Reflect on the inefficiency and socially undesirable aspects of monopolistic competition market situation vis-à-vis the perfect competition, both in the short and in the long run. 15

Q.4 a) What is the follower's problem in a duopoly model and how does it differ from the leader's problem? 15 
(b) Can public-private partnership function effectively in the area of physical infrastructure? 15 
(c) What are the features based on which the new trade theories are built that are distinctly different from the old theories? 15

UPSC Mains General Studies Study Kit

(Download) CS (MAIN) EXAM : 2019 COMMERCE AND ACCOUNTANCY (Paper 2)

Q.1 Explain the following in about 150 words each : 10x5=50 

(a) Goal Succession 
(b) Span of Management 
(c) Managerial Grid 
(d) Quality Circles 
(E) Perceptual Selectivity

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(Download) CS (MAIN) EXAM : 2019 COMMERCE AND ACCOUNTANCY (Paper 1)

Q.1 Explain the following in about 150 words each : 10x5=50 

(a) Explain why the companies buy back their own shares. How is it different from issue of bonus shares ? 10 
(b) "Recognition of revenue presents two basic problems, namely timing and measurement". Do you agree? How would you solve these two basic prob 10 
(c) What do you understand by the term Annual Value of house property ? How would you determine the annual value of let out house property which remained vacant for part of previous year? - 10 
(d) Explain with suitable examples how Shut-down Cost' is different from 'Sunk Cost'. 10 
(e) Explain five major points that an auditor shall keep in mind while conducting audit of a Charitable Trust.

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Printed Study Notes for IAS PRE cum Mains General Studies Papers

(Answer Key) UPSC CAPF (ACs) Examination, 2018

Exam Name: CAPF (ACs) Examination,

(Answer Key) CISF (AC) Limited Departmental Competitive Examination-2019

(Download) CS (MAIN) EXAM:2019 CHEMISTRY (Paper II)

• Exam Name: CS (MAIN) EXAM:2019 CHEMISTRY (Paper II)
• Time Allowed : Three Hours
• Marks: 250

(Download) CS (MAIN) EXAM:2019 CHEMISTRY (Paper I)

• Exam Name: CS (MAIN) EXAM:2019 CHEMISTRY (Paper I)
• Time Allowed : Three Hours
• Marks: 250

(Download) CS (MAIN) EXAM:2019 Civil Engineering

• Exam Name: CS (MAIN) EXAM:2019 Civil Engineering
• Marks: 250
• Time Allowed : Three Hours

(Download) CS (MAIN) EXAM:2019 BOTANY (Paper 2)

• Exam Name: CS (MAIN) EXAM:2019 BOTANY (Paper II)

• Marks: 250

• Time Allowed : Three Hours

SECTION ‘A’

Q1. Answer the following questions: 10x5=50 marks

(a)“DNA fingerprinting is important in any plant breeding programme.” Justify the statement with suitable examples. 10 marks
(b) Citing example, discuss briefly the process of cytoplasmic inheritance and the genes involved.10 Marks
(c) Explain the mechanism of cell signalling and the role of cell receptors in regulating this process. 10 marks
(d) How does silencing of the genes occur in eukaryotic genome and what are the implications of gene silencing ? 10 marks
(e) Explain, with required diagrams, the chemical structure and function of primary cell wall and plasma membrane.10 marks

Q2.(a) Dark brown seed coat colour in Phaseolus is dominant over light brown colour. The following progenies were produced from the parents with known phenotypes but unknown genotypes in different experiments. 20 marks

Mention the genotype of each parent in five experiments by using the letter B for dark brown and b for light brown.

(b) Discuss the role of Histone in regulating chromatin structure with special emphasis on Histone N-terminal tails as well as nucleosome assembly.  20 marks
(c) Describe the process of DNA replication in eukaryotic organisms with required diagrams, mentioning the role of enzymes in the different steps involved. Comment on the dynamics of replication fork in eukaryotes. 15+5=20 marks

Q3.(a) Discuss briefly the general principles of cellular adhesion. Give a note on identification and characterization of adhesion receptors. 20 marks
(b) Describe sequentially the steps of T-DNA transfer process from Agrobacterium cell to plant nuclear genome. Write a brief note on achievements of gene transfer technology' in crop improvement .20 Marks
(ii) Enumerate the different causes of heterosis. 10 marks
(c) Explain the role of transcription factors associated with transcription initiation, elongation and termination. How does Histone modification regulate chromatin accessibility ?8+2= 10 marks

Q4.(a) Describe the cellular structure and functions of Ribosome and Peroxisome. 10 marks
(b) Discuss two DNA sequencing methods with suitable illustrations. Name two fully sequenced eukaryotic genomes with their sizes. 20 marks
(c) Write explanatory notes on the following: 20 marks

1. Polygenic Inheritance 
2. Sex-linked Inheritance

UPSC Mains General Studies Study Kit

SECTION 'B'

5. Describe the following in about 150 words each:

Q5. Explain each of the following:
(a)  Illustrate the difference between C4 and CAM pathways, giving suitable examples. Write a brief note on their importance. 10 marks
(b) Name at least two plants known to be “plant indicators' and explain their importance in relation to soil quality evaluation. 10 marks
(c)  Illustrate with example the importance of energy transfer and energy conservation for plant growth and development. 10 marks
(d) Explain with example the impact of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and its global relevance with emphasis on Indian scenario. 10 marks
(e) Discuss the processes of mineral nutrition and mineral deficiencies in dry land areas. 10 marks

Q6. Write explanatory notes with examples on the following:

(a) (i) Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration as well as fermentation processes.

(ii) Photorespiration
(iii) Chemo-osmotic theory and ATP synthesis 

(b) (i) Restriction endonuclease 
(ii) Role of glyoxysomes in conversion of fats into simpler molecules 
(iii) Name specific physiological responses on the basis of which IAA, GA, and Kinetin can be identified. 

(c) (i) Explain and justify with examples that recycling plays an important role in solid waste management. 
(ii) "In the present scenario, Global Warming and Climate Change are amongst the greatest threats for human society.” Justify the statement with examples 

Q7. (a) What are the molecular basis and possible manipulations which may help fruit ripening? 15 marks
(b) Illustrate your answer with suitable example, the mechanism by which movement of ions takes place across the cell membrane. 15 marks
(c) Explain with examples, in what way ecosystems and conservation help in the formation of a developed biosphere.20 marks

Q8. (a) Discuss the concept and dynamics of a plant community. Illustrate with suitable examples. 20 marks
(b) Explain the relevance and importance of the following:15 marks

(i) Protected area network
(ii) Invasive species
(iii) Approaches for 'Environmental Impact Assessment 

(c) Explain the approaches of Stress physiology in relation to salinity and metal stresses. Support your answer with examples.20 marks

(Download) CS (MAIN) EXAM:2019 BOTANY (Paper I)

• Exam Name: CS (MAIN) EXAM:2019 BOTANY (Paper I)

• Marks: 250

• Time Allowed : Three Hours

SECTION ‘A’

1. Describe the following in about 150 words each :

1.(a) Mycorrhizal association and its importance in plants.  10 marks
1.(b)Differentiation between bioremediation and bioleaching. 10 marks
1.(c) Nature and significance of plant-endophyte relationship. 10 marks
1.(d) Alternation of heteromorphic generations in Bryophytes. 10 marks
1.(e) Draw a well labelled longitudinal sectional view of the structure of capsule of Funaria. 10 marks

2.(a) What are the characteristic features, means of reproduction and economic importance of Ascomycetes ? 20 marks
2.(b) Describe the characteristics and replication of viroids. 15 marks
2.(c) What are the critical features of heterospory and seed habit in pteridophytes. 15 marks

3. (a) Write the name of causal agent, symptoms and control measures of yellow vein of Okra and Tundu disease of wheat.20 marks
3.(b) Comment on the structure and ecological and physiological importance of leaf of Azolla.15 marks
3.(c) Compare the thallus forms of brown and green algae. 15 marks

4.(a) Compare and contrast the systems of classifications of Bentham and Hooker, and Hutchinson. Add a note on their merits and demerits. 20 marks
4.(b) What causes anomalous secondary growth in some dicot plants ? Explain.15 marks
4.(c) State the applications of Microbiology in Agriculture.15 marks

UPSC Mains General Studies Study Kit

SECTION 'B'

5. Describe the following in about 150 words each:

5.(a) Importance of haploid plant production from pollen grains.10 marks
5.(b) Hydrocarbon yielding energy crops and advantages of biodiesel. 10 marks
5.(c) Steps in the production of somatic hybrids and their advantages 10 marks
5.(d) Illustrate Kranz anatomy in a typical C4 plant leaf 10 marks
5.(e) Palynology and its significance. 10 marks

6.(a) Define herbarium and give methods of its preparation and also mention the names of five major herbaria. 20 marks
6.(b) Write botanical names and families of the plants yielding beverages, narcotics and gums. 10 marks
6.(c) What are the identifying characters, floral diagram and floral formula of Verbenaceae and Liliaceae ? 10 marks

7.(a) Highlight the main features of Vavilov's centres of origin of crop plants. 20 marks
7.(b) Define totipotency and discuss cytodifferentiation in plants. 10 marks
7.(c) How is Embryology useful in Taxonomy ?10 marks

8.(a) How many types of embryo-sacs are known among angiosperms ? Describe their formation. Give one example for each.20 Marks
8.(b) Discuss the salient features of Gnetales. Why are they regarded as the most evolved Gymnosperms ? 15 marks
8.(c) What are the different stages of micropropagation ? Mention its advantages.15 marks

• Exam Name: CS (MAIN) EXAM:2019 ANTHROPOL0GY (Paper I)

• Marks: 250

• Time Allowed : Three Hours

SECTION-A

Q1. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each: 10x5=50 marks

(a) The relationship between Linguistics and Social-Cultural Anthropology 10 Marks
(b) Cultural Relativism 10 Marks
(c) Pastoralism in India 10 Marks
(d) Cultural Materialism 10 Marks
(e) Relative Dating Methods 10 Marks

Q2. (a) Discuss the evolutionary significance of bipedalism and erect posture. 20 Marks
(b) How did Radcliffe-Brown and Levi-Strauss study kinship in terms of social structure ?  15 Marks
(c) Elucidate Mesolithic culture and associated rock art with examples from India. 15 Marks

Q3. (a) Discuss social stratification according to any three major approaches. 20 Marks
(b) "Europeans are closer to Neanderthals.” Critically discuss in view of the African origin of humankind. 15 marks
(c) Discuss briefly the major traditions in the Upper Palaeolithic culture of Europe. 15 marks

Q4. (a) With reference to the somatoscopic and morphometric characteristics commonly used for racial classification, make critical comments as to  whether 'Race' is a valid concept. 20 Marks

(b) Critically explain the anthropological approaches to religion. 15 marks
(c) Differentiate between transient and balanced genetic polymorphism. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples from human populations. 15 marks
 

UPSC Mains General Studies Study Kit